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thing now there we go

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okay

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hello everybody uh my name is tony

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darnell i work at the space telescope

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science institute i'm the social media

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manager here and

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this week at the institute we have

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something rather interesting we're

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trying kind of a bit of an experiment

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here uh because today tomorrow and

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wednesday we're having a workshop on the

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orion nebula and this workshop is

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designed to kind of in

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present some of the things that about

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the orion nebula what do we know about

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it what you know what are some

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long-standing uh issues that we're maybe

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finding more things out about uh what

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are the

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uh new what's the latest research what's

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the new research out there uh regarding

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this very famous nebula if you don't

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know what the orion nebula is uh then

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not only are you in the right place

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you're gonna find out what they

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what that is but also the cutting edge

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research is being done here so with me

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today uh ho is is one is my co-host he's

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always out here

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sharing these hangouts with me is uh

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scott lewis from know the cosmos hi

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scott how's it going tony i i prefer

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cohort instead of co-hosts all right we

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get up just in trouble cohort yeah yeah

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so all right so cohort now i was going

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to call this a hubble hangout but

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because this particular topic is more

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about

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research done by a lot of other things

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besides hubble kind of you know

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just i didn't bring it up this time but

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usually we we call these under the

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moniker of hubble hangouts um and so

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with us today are some astronomers

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attending the workshop dr massimo

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roberto from the space telescope science

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institute and lynn hildebrand from

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caltech hi guys

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hello hi

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so massimo why don't you why don't you

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start us off by telling us a little bit

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about this workshop what are you hoping

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to accomplish and why are we doing these

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kinds of things

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so basically the the story of the

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workshop starts

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uh

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we got approved the hubble treasury

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program on the orion nebula

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we thought years ago that

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the nebula needed to be

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investigated in little with the hubble

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and the main reason was at the time to

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to study to

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understand the stellar population of the

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cluster you may not know but the orion

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nebula which is the spectacular object

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in the sky that every every everybody

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points the telescope in the first night

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after

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christmas when you buy it the aerial

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nebula is actually uh uh hosts

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thousands of young stars of young

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forming stars so for astronomers is the

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prototype

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of

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star formation if you want to understand

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how stars are formed and actually even

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how planets around stars form

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the orion nebula is a critical place to

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grow so we pointed the hubble we had

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this monster program more than 100

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orbits which means a lot of time

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and we observed the orion nebula with

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all the imagers on board of the hubble

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at the time was acs with p2 and nickmas

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so in the optical uv in the infrared

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really the full power of hubble was

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spent there this is the largest program

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ever dedicated to star formation

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and

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we got the data one of you may know the

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spectacular the red big red picture of

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the orion nebula is one of the

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bi-products that of this survey

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took some years to put together the data

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to clean up the catalogue to write a

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number of papers

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now everything is basically out is

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public we have released everything to

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the public so the idea of the workshop

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is to bring here the leading experts

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those that are working actively on orion

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right now

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to discuss the status of our

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understanding what we have learned from

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from these and other programs that are

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being carried out that have been

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completed

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and you know sort of

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plan the next steps to to share ideas

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the way science work we discuss and in

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the

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plans each one comes with new new ideas

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and new plans so it's a brainstorming

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session

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uh on the line of uh the work that has

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been done in these years with the hubble

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so is it is it hubble centered then i

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mean you said you you mentioned a bunch

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of instruments which i should clarify

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what they were the acs the advanced

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camera for survey the advanced camera

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for surveys uh nick moss was an older

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camera that was on hubble uh these are

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all cameras that you're talking about

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imaging cameras and now we have wide

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field camera three the uh what i guess

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they call it with c3 around here um so

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all of these observations are all the

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workshops is based around observations

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done by hubble

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no there are of course

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data taken with many other uh

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many other observatories telescopes

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from the ground and from space x-rays

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infrared

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and especially tomorrow we will hear a

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lot about these

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these other observations

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on the other hand let me say that orion

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is a region especially good for the

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hubble because

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it's sort of a an exception in the field

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that normally when stars form they are

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embedded and shrouded in the molecular

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cloud in the neutral dense

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uh obscure material uh dark clouds but

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in the case of orion what happened is

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that there are giant stars that they've

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blown out the material so they have made

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possible for us to see through this

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cloud

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so we see

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we basically have a unique opportunity

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here well a rare opportunity to see

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star formation uh

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from an exceptional point of view

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basically everything has been opened to

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our view so the hubble can go through

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uh

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which is the strength of the telescope

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so it's sort of an ideal situation for

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us to see something extremely young but

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already exposed to our view also this is

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why hubble is central for orion in

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particular

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so i before so thank you madison that

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was wonderful i want to so that's the

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that's the workshop that's what's going

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on this week and this is some of the

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reasons why they're having it we're

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gonna get into a little bit more of this

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later but before i do i need to

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let you guys know how you can interact

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with us i forgot to mention that as i

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always do i just want to jump in and

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start talking about whatever it is where

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we the topic is whenever i do these

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hangouts if you want to ask us questions

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we would encourage you to do so you can

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also leave comments uh on the youtube

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channel where this on our on space

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telescope uh our hubble site channel's

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youtube channel where i'm looking at the

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comments from where this video is being

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streamed uh also the event plate the

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event page the google plus event page uh

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and we are also monitoring facebook and

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uh

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twitter as well of the hashtag hubble

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hangouts so we hope you will give us

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some questions leave us some comments

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and uh

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we'll look forward to getting to some of

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that stuff a little bit later on

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and there's also a little square along

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the bottom

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that i haven't and nobody knows who this

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guy is his name is michael hi michael

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hello your last name my name's uh mike

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rector and i am an amateur astro

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photographer i

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just set up my telescope with my digital

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camera and take long exposure pictures

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to just get nebula and

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galaxies and star clusters

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so i'm told that those who watch the

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virtual star parties on a regular basis

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uh probably know your name is that

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correct you're yeah i've been on there a

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few times it's one of our contest

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winners from last may he uh we had a

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photo contest of astrophotography and

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mike actually won with the pleiades yeah

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really great shot yeah your audio seems

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a little bit low to me scott um i can

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turn out my game yeah

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yeah a little better that's much better

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thank you

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i'm normally too loud so i had to turn

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it down a little bit tell me about it

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all right so welcome michael it's good

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do you so in your imaging efforts with

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your telescope uh

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have you done much with the orion nebula

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uh yes i have i actually sent a picture

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of orion to scott

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ah

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i'm sure so scott will get that up for

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us hopefully in a little bit so uh so

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that's cool all right well welcome and

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so um hopefully you'll be able to

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provide some insight from an amateur

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perspective as well as uh uh you know

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maybe if we get if we have some time

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toward the end of it we could talk a

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little bit about what's involved in

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astrophotography and uh how can a

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beginner get started because i think the

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orion nebula probably one of the better

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better targets so there's there's mike's

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orion right there which is beautiful

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wow that's amazing

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yep

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that's amazing and where are you out of

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mike i'm from uh plattsburgh new york

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about 40 minutes south of canada near

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lake champlain okay so you have better

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skies than i do here in los angeles uh

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yeah just a little bit

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or better than we have in baltimore i'm

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sure

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yeah most likely that's fantastic

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okay so uh so lynn i'd like to i'd like

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to get you in on this discussion a

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little bit so what is what were your

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reasons for um attending the workshop

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and can you tell us a little bit about

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what some of your interests are your

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research interests

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sure uh orion is uh you know just an

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iconic region not only for amateurs and

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astrophotography and you know the

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general uh interests but also for

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professional astronomers at at a deep

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level uh it has been looked at uh

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basically with every new technology

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we've had for centuries and uh the talk

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i gave this morning at this at this

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conference outlined uh where we've gone

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basically from uh you know drawings in

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the uh you know early

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days of and early years of the telescope

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uh you know right up through

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photographs the first photograph

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uh that were taken

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and uh you know on through the the

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decades to our

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big space telescopes both optical

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00:10:11,509 --> 00:10:09,200
wavelengths the hubble

282
00:10:12,870 --> 00:10:11,519
infrared wavelengths the spitzer space

283
00:10:17,910 --> 00:10:12,880
telescope

284
00:10:20,230 --> 00:10:17,920
herschel which is a mid-infrared

285
00:10:21,990 --> 00:10:20,240
observatory wise also a mid-infrared

286
00:10:24,470 --> 00:10:22,000
observatory

287
00:10:27,590 --> 00:10:24,480
as well as a lot of ground-based data

288
00:10:29,030 --> 00:10:27,600
at long wavelengths from the millimeter

289
00:10:32,069 --> 00:10:29,040
submillimeter

290
00:10:34,630 --> 00:10:32,079
and radio wavelengths anywhere any place

291
00:10:37,030 --> 00:10:34,640
in the electromagnetic spectrum uh that

292
00:10:40,230 --> 00:10:37,040
is interesting or is technologically

293
00:10:42,310 --> 00:10:40,240
interesting uh is uh applicable to orion

294
00:10:44,790 --> 00:10:42,320
it's it's just an amazing

295
00:10:47,430 --> 00:10:44,800
confluence of the nebula the stars that

296
00:10:49,910 --> 00:10:47,440
are forming the molecular gas that is

297
00:10:53,110 --> 00:10:49,920
there the planets that are forming there

298
00:10:54,870 --> 00:10:53,120
uh so my particular interest has has

299
00:10:56,389 --> 00:10:54,880
mostly been in the stellar population so

300
00:10:58,870 --> 00:10:56,399
trying to understand

301
00:11:01,190 --> 00:10:58,880
uh when uh you know we rattle a cloud

302
00:11:04,389 --> 00:11:01,200
around a molecular cloud what what falls

303
00:11:06,069 --> 00:11:04,399
out in terms of of a stellar population

304
00:11:07,430 --> 00:11:06,079
and in orion

305
00:11:09,190 --> 00:11:07,440
can you tell us real briefly what am i

306
00:11:10,470 --> 00:11:09,200
what you mean by molecular cloud we want

307
00:11:27,509 --> 00:11:10,480
to

308
00:11:35,110 --> 00:11:32,230
so uh in interstellar space uh there are

309
00:11:36,630 --> 00:11:35,120
uh you know there are particles uh there

310
00:11:39,190 --> 00:11:36,640
is gas

311
00:11:42,710 --> 00:11:39,200
uh and uh there are different densities

312
00:11:45,350 --> 00:11:42,720
and temperatures of that gas and

313
00:11:46,710 --> 00:11:45,360
there's there can be hot gas that is

314
00:11:49,829 --> 00:11:46,720
quite diffuse

315
00:11:53,350 --> 00:11:49,839
uh molecular clouds are regions of very

316
00:11:56,470 --> 00:11:53,360
cold gas uh very dense gas out of which

317
00:11:58,389 --> 00:11:56,480
stars are forming or will soon form

318
00:12:00,550 --> 00:11:58,399
and um it's

319
00:12:01,990 --> 00:12:00,560
as the name implies molecular cloud is a

320
00:12:04,470 --> 00:12:02,000
cloud uh

321
00:12:05,190 --> 00:12:04,480
cool enough where molecules can survive

322
00:12:08,790 --> 00:12:05,200
so

323
00:12:11,030 --> 00:12:08,800
uh molecular hydrogen uh h2 in in

324
00:12:14,150 --> 00:12:11,040
chemistry uh format

325
00:12:15,829 --> 00:12:14,160
uh is is the most dominant molecule uh

326
00:12:18,230 --> 00:12:15,839
but we observe all kinds of molecules

327
00:12:20,310 --> 00:12:18,240
carbon monoxide um

328
00:12:21,509 --> 00:12:20,320
methane um

329
00:12:25,110 --> 00:12:21,519
all kinds of

330
00:12:26,550 --> 00:12:25,120
any any combinations of uh s's and o's

331
00:12:28,069 --> 00:12:26,560
and n's and

332
00:12:31,030 --> 00:12:28,079
and

333
00:12:33,590 --> 00:12:31,040
the periodic table you know

334
00:12:36,069 --> 00:12:33,600
in in these dense cold clouds

335
00:12:37,430 --> 00:12:36,079
so basically it's a it's a cloud that's

336
00:12:40,069 --> 00:12:37,440
cool enough that allows some of these

337
00:12:42,790 --> 00:12:40,079
atoms to form to form molecules okay

338
00:12:44,629 --> 00:12:42,800
exactly when they get hot the molecules

339
00:12:46,550 --> 00:12:44,639
uh

340
00:12:49,030 --> 00:12:46,560
dissociate so they become their

341
00:12:51,590 --> 00:12:49,040
constituent you know h2 molecular

342
00:12:53,590 --> 00:12:51,600
hydrogen will become regular h

343
00:12:57,190 --> 00:12:53,600
atomic hydrogen

344
00:12:59,590 --> 00:12:57,200
is that important in star formation

345
00:13:01,670 --> 00:12:59,600
uh well it's the it's when you're when

346
00:13:03,990 --> 00:13:01,680
an individual star is formed it's the

347
00:13:04,949 --> 00:13:04,000
the first thing that happens in these

348
00:13:06,629 --> 00:13:04,959
cold

349
00:13:09,190 --> 00:13:06,639
molecular clouds

350
00:13:12,150 --> 00:13:09,200
is as the the uh what's called a

351
00:13:13,750 --> 00:13:12,160
protostar is in the process of of

352
00:13:16,389 --> 00:13:13,760
collapsing out of the molecular gas and

353
00:13:19,590 --> 00:13:16,399
forming uh it heats up and starts to

354
00:13:22,949 --> 00:13:19,600
dissociate the surrounding molecular gas

355
00:13:25,509 --> 00:13:22,959
uh and uh then ionizes it removes gets

356
00:13:27,509 --> 00:13:25,519
even hotter removes electrons and and

357
00:13:29,110 --> 00:13:27,519
and so on in this in this process of

358
00:13:31,269 --> 00:13:29,120
star formation

359
00:13:32,870 --> 00:13:31,279
so wait so wait the the molecular cloud

360
00:13:35,030 --> 00:13:32,880
starts to come together and then heats

361
00:13:37,430 --> 00:13:35,040
up as it as the protostar is formed and

362
00:13:39,750 --> 00:13:37,440
then at what and then at some point it

363
00:13:41,110 --> 00:13:39,760
turns on

364
00:13:43,829 --> 00:13:41,120
and correct

365
00:13:45,350 --> 00:13:43,839
and switches to uh

366
00:13:47,190 --> 00:13:45,360
stripping stripping those molecules

367
00:13:49,750 --> 00:13:47,200
apart as well as even the electrons

368
00:13:53,030 --> 00:13:49,760
around the hydrogen right right so in

369
00:13:57,030 --> 00:13:53,040
particular in the uh in the orion nebula

370
00:13:59,350 --> 00:13:57,040
uh there are some very massive stars uh

371
00:14:01,990 --> 00:13:59,360
so in excess of

372
00:14:03,990 --> 00:14:02,000
a few tens of solar masses 20 30 40

373
00:14:08,389 --> 00:14:04,000
times the mass of the sun

374
00:14:10,389 --> 00:14:08,399
and these are hot and luminous stars

375
00:14:13,030 --> 00:14:10,399
and so they're putting out a lot of a

376
00:14:15,030 --> 00:14:13,040
lot of energy and they are the ones that

377
00:14:17,350 --> 00:14:15,040
are in fact responsible for creating

378
00:14:20,389 --> 00:14:17,360
this uh nebula that we see because the

379
00:14:22,310 --> 00:14:20,399
stars themselves are uh

380
00:14:23,990 --> 00:14:22,320
interacting with the interstellar medium

381
00:14:25,750 --> 00:14:24,000
and making it making it light up the way

382
00:14:27,430 --> 00:14:25,760
we the way we see it

383
00:14:29,509 --> 00:14:27,440
okay scott can you put up that image

384
00:14:30,710 --> 00:14:29,519
again uh from michael

385
00:14:33,110 --> 00:14:30,720
yeah absolutely

386
00:14:34,870 --> 00:14:33,120
back up here so yeah let's take a look

387
00:14:37,110 --> 00:14:34,880
at that so this this this is the

388
00:14:39,030 --> 00:14:37,120
quintessential uh

389
00:14:40,150 --> 00:14:39,040
icon we're used to seeing when it comes

390
00:14:42,790 --> 00:14:40,160
to uh

391
00:14:45,189 --> 00:14:42,800
uh the orion nebula and

392
00:14:47,670 --> 00:14:45,199
can you describe to us here what how

393
00:14:49,269 --> 00:14:47,680
first of all there's there's like a

394
00:14:50,550 --> 00:14:49,279
there's the big nebula part that i'm

395
00:14:52,150 --> 00:14:50,560
that i've always looked at where the

396
00:14:53,910 --> 00:14:52,160
trapezium is and things like that and

397
00:14:56,069 --> 00:14:53,920
then there's often the lower right or

398
00:15:00,790 --> 00:14:56,079
lower left i'm sorry some other clouds

399
00:15:01,750 --> 00:15:00,800
and stuff so how big is this thing

400
00:15:07,509 --> 00:15:01,760
it's

401
00:15:09,110 --> 00:15:07,519
what is yeah what is called 10x4

402
00:15:12,470 --> 00:15:09,120
yeah it's it's what's called a giant

403
00:15:13,350 --> 00:15:12,480
molecular cloud uh so that has a mass of

404
00:15:15,430 --> 00:15:13,360
about

405
00:15:16,470 --> 00:15:15,440
a few hundred thousand times the mass of

406
00:15:19,030 --> 00:15:16,480
the sun

407
00:15:21,670 --> 00:15:19,040
and so if you think of turning all of

408
00:15:23,509 --> 00:15:21,680
that mass into stars and if each of the

409
00:15:24,710 --> 00:15:23,519
stars had a mass of

410
00:15:26,629 --> 00:15:24,720
one

411
00:15:29,350 --> 00:15:26,639
solar mass you know you would make 10 to

412
00:15:30,949 --> 00:15:29,360
5 stars you'd make a lot of stars a few

413
00:15:33,670 --> 00:15:30,959
hundred thousand stars now we don't

414
00:15:35,750 --> 00:15:33,680
think that there is a 100 percent

415
00:15:38,230 --> 00:15:35,760
efficiency in converting gas to stars so

416
00:15:39,030 --> 00:15:38,240
the the stellar mass is much less but

417
00:15:41,990 --> 00:15:39,040
the

418
00:15:44,310 --> 00:15:42,000
entire star-forming region is uh let's

419
00:15:45,269 --> 00:15:44,320
see oh about a factor of

420
00:15:47,269 --> 00:15:45,279
40

421
00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:47,279
larger than just that small region

422
00:15:51,430 --> 00:15:49,680
that's that's shown and so there's a a

423
00:15:53,189 --> 00:15:51,440
lot of the orion nebula

424
00:15:55,670 --> 00:15:53,199
there's a lot more we're not even seeing

425
00:15:58,710 --> 00:15:55,680
there's a whole lot more that is uh that

426
00:16:00,790 --> 00:15:58,720
uh you know some of the uh observatories

427
00:16:03,590 --> 00:16:00,800
that have performed all sky imaging

428
00:16:05,829 --> 00:16:03,600
surveys so two mass is one and wise is

429
00:16:08,150 --> 00:16:05,839
another these are infrared imaging

430
00:16:11,030 --> 00:16:08,160
surveys uh you can get a look at the the

431
00:16:13,430 --> 00:16:11,040
entirety of this orion region and in

432
00:16:14,790 --> 00:16:13,440
fact um there are many famous pictures

433
00:16:18,230 --> 00:16:14,800
from from astronomers of the

434
00:16:21,829 --> 00:16:18,240
constellation of orion uh with uh you

435
00:16:23,829 --> 00:16:21,839
know various elements of of

436
00:16:25,509 --> 00:16:23,839
uh throughout it and all of that is

437
00:16:27,990 --> 00:16:25,519
actually part of the same uh

438
00:16:29,430 --> 00:16:28,000
star-forming episode that you know may

439
00:16:31,430 --> 00:16:29,440
have occurred over

440
00:16:34,710 --> 00:16:31,440
you know over a few tens of millions of

441
00:16:36,550 --> 00:16:34,720
years whereas the orion nebula and other

442
00:16:39,189 --> 00:16:36,560
small condensations like it throughout

443
00:16:40,470 --> 00:16:39,199
the molecular clouds are star formation

444
00:16:41,350 --> 00:16:40,480
events that have occurred in only the

445
00:16:44,069 --> 00:16:41,360
past

446
00:16:46,069 --> 00:16:44,079
one or two or three million years

447
00:16:48,949 --> 00:16:46,079
but it's just a small but the most

448
00:16:51,030 --> 00:16:48,959
dramatic uh piece of of star formation

449
00:16:53,990 --> 00:16:51,040
in this in this entire region

450
00:16:56,389 --> 00:16:54,000
and also something fascinating is uh

451
00:16:58,150 --> 00:16:56,399
you need a bit of fantasy but think that

452
00:17:00,550 --> 00:16:58,160
in the field of the

453
00:17:02,629 --> 00:17:00,560
of the picture uh if you will take the

454
00:17:05,350 --> 00:17:02,639
picture from the orion nebula

455
00:17:06,630 --> 00:17:05,360
in in our direction and

456
00:17:09,110 --> 00:17:06,640
take a picture of the sun and

457
00:17:11,110 --> 00:17:09,120
surrounding will be basically empty with

458
00:17:13,750 --> 00:17:11,120
really a few stars a few you know 10

459
00:17:15,189 --> 00:17:13,760
stars 20 stars with nothing a lot of

460
00:17:17,750 --> 00:17:15,199
empty space

461
00:17:19,750 --> 00:17:17,760
but if we look at the orion nebula the

462
00:17:21,990 --> 00:17:19,760
density of stars in that region is

463
00:17:24,870 --> 00:17:22,000
amazingly high at the center you will

464
00:17:27,029 --> 00:17:24,880
have you know tens of thousands of stars

465
00:17:27,829 --> 00:17:27,039
where you will have only one around the

466
00:17:30,230 --> 00:17:27,839
sun

467
00:17:32,150 --> 00:17:30,240
uh in fact there are not tens of

468
00:17:35,270 --> 00:17:32,160
thousands but you know five thousand

469
00:17:36,870 --> 00:17:35,280
stars easily are uh

470
00:17:39,510 --> 00:17:36,880
members of the neighborhood of the of

471
00:17:41,909 --> 00:17:39,520
the star forming event

472
00:17:42,950 --> 00:17:41,919
in the field of the picture so it's

473
00:17:46,549 --> 00:17:42,960
extremely

474
00:17:48,150 --> 00:17:46,559
so inside that that image that that

475
00:17:50,230 --> 00:17:48,160
scott had out before there's five

476
00:17:52,310 --> 00:17:50,240
thousand stars in that that area alone

477
00:17:54,470 --> 00:17:52,320
we know three thousand in the inner

478
00:17:57,110 --> 00:17:54,480
region and then there is star formation

479
00:17:59,270 --> 00:17:57,120
along the filament or is a ball is a

480
00:18:01,990 --> 00:17:59,280
round number because we don't have a

481
00:18:03,909 --> 00:18:02,000
complete census because when this

482
00:18:04,710 --> 00:18:03,919
nebula are

483
00:18:09,909 --> 00:18:04,720
when

484
00:18:11,350 --> 00:18:09,919
cannot penetrate with our telescope we

485
00:18:14,470 --> 00:18:11,360
need infrared

486
00:18:16,470 --> 00:18:14,480
radiation to go to go in this dark you

487
00:18:18,549 --> 00:18:16,480
know like the dark filament that you see

488
00:18:20,070 --> 00:18:18,559
here now in the center we need infrared

489
00:18:22,630 --> 00:18:20,080
telescopes and even with infrared

490
00:18:24,549 --> 00:18:22,640
telescopes it starts to get very hard to

491
00:18:25,830 --> 00:18:24,559
look at the very faint sources that are

492
00:18:27,590 --> 00:18:25,840
certainly there

493
00:18:29,669 --> 00:18:27,600
but we are talking about i don't know

494
00:18:32,789 --> 00:18:29,679
three four five thousand image stars in

495
00:18:37,270 --> 00:18:32,799
this uh in this field uh is uh is is i

496
00:18:42,950 --> 00:18:39,029
around the sun in the same volume you

497
00:18:46,870 --> 00:18:42,960
will see you know tens a few

498
00:18:48,950 --> 00:18:46,880
so the um so this is glowing or it's

499
00:18:51,350 --> 00:18:48,960
this this nebula is glowing because of

500
00:18:53,190 --> 00:18:51,360
those five thousand some odd stars

501
00:18:56,230 --> 00:18:53,200
because of only one

502
00:18:58,870 --> 00:18:56,240
only one only one

503
00:19:01,430 --> 00:18:58,880
monster there is a monster in the middle

504
00:19:03,430 --> 00:19:01,440
makes 95 percent of the glow

505
00:19:06,150 --> 00:19:03,440
there is a monster we call

506
00:19:08,390 --> 00:19:06,160
one orion

507
00:19:09,190 --> 00:19:08,400
the technical name

508
00:19:10,870 --> 00:19:09,200
yeah

509
00:19:12,470 --> 00:19:10,880
so so there's only one star that's

510
00:19:13,909 --> 00:19:12,480
responsible for all this glowing here

511
00:19:16,870 --> 00:19:13,919
there is one there are

512
00:19:20,070 --> 00:19:16,880
there are you know five six seven uh big

513
00:19:23,590 --> 00:19:20,080
stars in comparison of to the sun

514
00:19:25,830 --> 00:19:23,600
uh but one is bigger among the biggest

515
00:19:28,549 --> 00:19:25,840
and this one makes i think the the last

516
00:19:31,190 --> 00:19:28,559
number i heard was 95 percent

517
00:19:32,710 --> 00:19:31,200
uh of the entire uh radiation coming

518
00:19:35,110 --> 00:19:32,720
from the from the background from the

519
00:19:36,310 --> 00:19:35,120
from the nebula this diffused blue and

520
00:19:39,430 --> 00:19:36,320
red light

521
00:19:41,590 --> 00:19:39,440
is actually reprocessed light uh is

522
00:19:43,430 --> 00:19:41,600
reflected light from from from the big

523
00:19:45,669 --> 00:19:43,440
one that is there at the center

524
00:19:46,950 --> 00:19:45,679
okay hey scott you were doing something

525
00:19:49,190 --> 00:19:46,960
a while ago i think it was with

526
00:19:51,750 --> 00:19:49,200
stellarium or something like that what

527
00:19:54,390 --> 00:19:51,760
did you have up i had a stellarium up so

528
00:19:56,470 --> 00:19:54,400
i can show i wonder if yeah if you could

529
00:19:58,230 --> 00:19:56,480
put that back up again and we for those

530
00:20:01,510 --> 00:19:58,240
of you who don't know

531
00:20:03,350 --> 00:20:01,520
where in the sky the orion nebula is uh

532
00:20:06,870 --> 00:20:03,360
scott's got a picture here

533
00:20:09,750 --> 00:20:06,880
of the orion the constellation of orion

534
00:20:11,990 --> 00:20:09,760
right and the belt are these the those

535
00:20:13,510 --> 00:20:12,000
three stars those three horizontal stars

536
00:20:16,549 --> 00:20:13,520
are the are the belt

537
00:20:19,270 --> 00:20:16,559
of uh orion but hanging down on the

538
00:20:21,669 --> 00:20:19,280
sword from orion's belt

539
00:20:24,310 --> 00:20:21,679
is these these the this also this sort

540
00:20:26,230 --> 00:20:24,320
of semi vertical row it's more of a

541
00:20:27,830 --> 00:20:26,240
cattywampus row uh kind of off to the

542
00:20:29,909 --> 00:20:27,840
diagonal there we you should use

543
00:20:31,830 --> 00:20:29,919
caddywomp that's much more fatty well it

544
00:20:33,669 --> 00:20:31,840
is jargon but i have you know i have to

545
00:20:36,070 --> 00:20:33,679
explain that jargon and i so i try to

546
00:20:38,149 --> 00:20:36,080
minimize it so it's kind of cattywampus

547
00:20:40,149 --> 00:20:38,159
there but in that middle area there it's

548
00:20:42,230 --> 00:20:40,159
real kind it's kind of fuzzy now on a

549
00:20:43,990 --> 00:20:42,240
clear dark night

550
00:20:46,390 --> 00:20:44,000
you can't be in the city

551
00:20:48,230 --> 00:20:46,400
but on a clear dark night you can see

552
00:20:51,270 --> 00:20:48,240
that with your naked eye you can it'll

553
00:20:53,510 --> 00:20:51,280
appear basically as a as a fuzz or a sm

554
00:20:54,870 --> 00:20:53,520
fuzzy patch or a smudge up in the sky

555
00:20:56,390 --> 00:20:54,880
but you can see it and a pair of

556
00:20:58,310 --> 00:20:56,400
binoculars actually bring out some

557
00:21:00,070 --> 00:20:58,320
pretty decent detail

558
00:21:02,870 --> 00:21:00,080
so

559
00:21:03,750 --> 00:21:02,880
uh massimo and and lynn the

560
00:21:05,350 --> 00:21:03,760
this

561
00:21:06,870 --> 00:21:05,360
can you tell us what the difference is

562
00:21:10,070 --> 00:21:06,880
between the orion

563
00:21:11,909 --> 00:21:10,080
nebula and the orion nebula complex what

564
00:21:13,990 --> 00:21:11,919
do they mean when they say that

565
00:21:18,630 --> 00:21:14,000
or molecular cloud complex i guess they

566
00:21:24,230 --> 00:21:21,270
so you know if you zoom in really close

567
00:21:25,990 --> 00:21:24,240
on that image or or another good one uh

568
00:21:27,909 --> 00:21:26,000
like it you'll see what are called the

569
00:21:29,190 --> 00:21:27,919
trapezium stars and that's because there

570
00:21:31,510 --> 00:21:29,200
are four

571
00:21:35,029 --> 00:21:31,520
bright bright stars in there that are

572
00:21:36,870 --> 00:21:35,039
visible in just the the smallest uh

573
00:21:39,190 --> 00:21:36,880
telescopes so that's called the

574
00:21:42,149 --> 00:21:39,200
trapezium and the inner part of this is

575
00:21:43,750 --> 00:21:42,159
called the trapezium cluster if you go

576
00:21:45,110 --> 00:21:43,760
out a little bit kind of like the view

577
00:21:48,149 --> 00:21:45,120
you have now

578
00:21:50,630 --> 00:21:48,159
uh what is there in the nebula is called

579
00:21:55,990 --> 00:21:50,640
the orion nebula

580
00:21:58,789 --> 00:21:56,000
uh but then if you uh zoom out quite a

581
00:22:00,710 --> 00:21:58,799
bit on the other um you know the large

582
00:22:02,310 --> 00:22:00,720
scale image that showed the

583
00:22:04,549 --> 00:22:02,320
the constellation

584
00:22:07,270 --> 00:22:04,559
uh and i guess maybe we don't have at

585
00:22:09,029 --> 00:22:07,280
the at the ready a map of the dust or

586
00:22:11,430 --> 00:22:09,039
the molecular gas or anything like that

587
00:22:13,270 --> 00:22:11,440
but there are other ways of um

588
00:22:14,310 --> 00:22:13,280
viewing at other wavelengths than

589
00:22:16,549 --> 00:22:14,320
optical

590
00:22:18,310 --> 00:22:16,559
this area of the sky and what you'll see

591
00:22:20,310 --> 00:22:18,320
is a big

592
00:22:22,630 --> 00:22:20,320
patch of dust

593
00:22:25,350 --> 00:22:22,640
if this is viewed in maybe the wise

594
00:22:27,430 --> 00:22:25,360
satellite or the iras satellite

595
00:22:30,789 --> 00:22:27,440
images where we're seeing the dust

596
00:22:34,789 --> 00:22:30,799
instead of the stars uh you'll see a big

597
00:22:36,070 --> 00:22:34,799
swath of this area uh covered in in dust

598
00:22:38,630 --> 00:22:36,080
and gas

599
00:22:42,630 --> 00:22:38,640
and that is what's referred to as the

600
00:22:44,950 --> 00:22:42,640
orion molecular clouds and so it extends

601
00:22:48,310 --> 00:22:44,960
the orion cluster the trapezium the

602
00:22:51,270 --> 00:22:48,320
orion nebula the orion cluster is uh the

603
00:22:54,149 --> 00:22:51,280
northern part of one of these clouds

604
00:22:55,750 --> 00:22:54,159
that extends way down to the south and

605
00:22:57,270 --> 00:22:55,760
then there's another a piece of the

606
00:22:59,590 --> 00:22:57,280
cloud that extends way up to the north

607
00:23:01,430 --> 00:22:59,600
and it really does cover the full

608
00:23:03,190 --> 00:23:01,440
uh nearly the full extent of the orion

609
00:23:04,470 --> 00:23:03,200
constellation almost all the way up to

610
00:23:06,549 --> 00:23:04,480
betelgeuse

611
00:23:09,350 --> 00:23:06,559
uh looking at it on the sky in the upper

612
00:23:10,870 --> 00:23:09,360
left and uh all the way down to let's

613
00:23:12,470 --> 00:23:10,880
see is it rigel or

614
00:23:13,750 --> 00:23:12,480
all right

615
00:23:15,430 --> 00:23:13,760
i don't know the bottom layer is the

616
00:23:16,710 --> 00:23:15,440
only one i don't know the other bright

617
00:23:18,470 --> 00:23:16,720
the other bright one down there yeah

618
00:23:28,630 --> 00:23:18,480
that molecular cloud extends

619
00:23:33,110 --> 00:23:30,149
yeah so the whole constellation is

620
00:23:35,430 --> 00:23:33,120
covered on the that's that's side which

621
00:23:36,390 --> 00:23:35,440
is the eastern eastern

622
00:23:39,029 --> 00:23:36,400
side

623
00:23:41,990 --> 00:23:39,039
uh is covered by this molecular gas

624
00:23:43,669 --> 00:23:42,000
and then even across the belt uh below

625
00:23:46,070 --> 00:23:43,679
the belt there's another star called

626
00:23:48,710 --> 00:23:46,080
sigma ori which is a small one there's a

627
00:23:51,510 --> 00:23:48,720
cluster of young stars around that

628
00:23:53,510 --> 00:23:51,520
um i don't know if you're zooming in

629
00:23:55,270 --> 00:23:53,520
maybe we can find if we can find sigma

630
00:23:56,070 --> 00:23:55,280
ori there's a cluster of young stars

631
00:23:58,630 --> 00:23:56,080
there

632
00:24:01,190 --> 00:23:58,640
uh and then also way up in the north uh

633
00:24:04,149 --> 00:24:01,200
lambda ori which is kind of the head

634
00:24:05,750 --> 00:24:04,159
of orion again there's a big cluster of

635
00:24:08,310 --> 00:24:05,760
young stars

636
00:24:10,549 --> 00:24:08,320
there and then also off to the

637
00:24:13,269 --> 00:24:10,559
the west there isn't any molecular gas

638
00:24:16,710 --> 00:24:13,279
but there's a whole group of um kind of

639
00:24:18,070 --> 00:24:16,720
high mass not uh not as high masses are

640
00:24:20,070 --> 00:24:18,080
and young as are forming in the

641
00:24:22,070 --> 00:24:20,080
trapezium cluster but there's a whole

642
00:24:24,149 --> 00:24:22,080
group of um

643
00:24:25,830 --> 00:24:24,159
you know maybe a hundred or so you know

644
00:24:27,430 --> 00:24:25,840
also somewhat massive stars they're a

645
00:24:30,230 --> 00:24:27,440
little bit older more like 10 million

646
00:24:31,830 --> 00:24:30,240
years old instead of 1 million years old

647
00:24:33,909 --> 00:24:31,840
so this whole constellation is filled

648
00:24:37,430 --> 00:24:33,919
with with young stars and you know as

649
00:24:39,510 --> 00:24:37,440
we've said the the most uh dramatic

650
00:24:41,110 --> 00:24:39,520
visible part uh to us is the orion

651
00:24:43,669 --> 00:24:41,120
nebula cluster but if you look in the

652
00:24:45,830 --> 00:24:43,679
the infrared uh and the dust and the

653
00:24:47,750 --> 00:24:45,840
molecular gas this whole thing just just

654
00:24:49,190 --> 00:24:47,760
lights up with uh with young stars and

655
00:24:51,190 --> 00:24:49,200
young star club and

656
00:24:53,269 --> 00:24:51,200
if i cannot lean this morning was making

657
00:24:55,269 --> 00:24:53,279
a very interesting point that i i i

658
00:24:57,510 --> 00:24:55,279
realized maybe i knew it but i i you

659
00:24:58,830 --> 00:24:57,520
know you forget but she reminded

660
00:25:00,950 --> 00:24:58,840
everybody that

661
00:25:03,110 --> 00:25:00,960
orion from the point of view of the

662
00:25:05,750 --> 00:25:03,120
constellation you know just the drawing

663
00:25:09,110 --> 00:25:05,760
that you make in the sky of the warrior

664
00:25:10,950 --> 00:25:09,120
with the belt the sword

665
00:25:13,350 --> 00:25:10,960
everything you see when you draw the

666
00:25:15,510 --> 00:25:13,360
exactly basically everything is at the

667
00:25:18,630 --> 00:25:15,520
same distance is an amazing

668
00:25:19,830 --> 00:25:18,640
constellation is no you these are random

669
00:25:23,029 --> 00:25:19,840
drawings

670
00:25:25,269 --> 00:25:23,039
but uh if you look at the ursa maya or

671
00:25:27,029 --> 00:25:25,279
any other constellation you know stars

672
00:25:29,029 --> 00:25:27,039
bright fade

673
00:25:30,710 --> 00:25:29,039
they're far away one from the other but

674
00:25:32,630 --> 00:25:30,720
in the case of orion they are more or

675
00:25:35,909 --> 00:25:32,640
less all at the same distance about 400

676
00:25:38,390 --> 00:25:35,919
500 parsec or 1500 light years so is

677
00:25:40,070 --> 00:25:38,400
there all basically the same plane

678
00:25:43,430 --> 00:25:40,080
every match everything is at the same

679
00:25:46,310 --> 00:25:43,440
distance and we is everything is is a

680
00:25:48,950 --> 00:25:46,320
monster is the closest giant star

681
00:25:51,750 --> 00:25:48,960
formation event that happened a few

682
00:25:55,110 --> 00:25:51,760
million years ago and uh

683
00:25:57,909 --> 00:25:55,120
so we see like a distribution of ages we

684
00:25:59,990 --> 00:25:57,919
understand some area from like 10

685
00:26:02,950 --> 00:26:00,000
million years or something like five or

686
00:26:04,310 --> 00:26:02,960
ion the nebula is the most recent is one

687
00:26:06,950 --> 00:26:04,320
million years actually there is that

688
00:26:08,870 --> 00:26:06,960
formation even right now

689
00:26:12,230 --> 00:26:08,880
in the nebula but

690
00:26:15,190 --> 00:26:12,240
but in general is like this uh this uh i

691
00:26:17,590 --> 00:26:15,200
don't know this event this not imagine

692
00:26:20,470 --> 00:26:17,600
imagining the

693
00:26:23,029 --> 00:26:20,480
the burst of stars

694
00:26:25,430 --> 00:26:23,039
at in that place of the sky that

695
00:26:27,590 --> 00:26:25,440
happened nearly simultaneously

696
00:26:29,590 --> 00:26:27,600
wow so i didn't really know that about

697
00:26:31,669 --> 00:26:29,600
the uh about the constellation so you're

698
00:26:33,430 --> 00:26:31,679
telling me that the stars in the

699
00:26:35,669 --> 00:26:33,440
constellation itself

700
00:26:37,350 --> 00:26:35,679
uh the the major stars that make up the

701
00:26:41,029 --> 00:26:37,360
constellation were more or less the same

702
00:26:43,110 --> 00:26:41,039
distance away from us yeah you know

703
00:26:45,830 --> 00:26:43,120
the stars that are being worn are this

704
00:26:47,510 --> 00:26:45,840
complex affects the stars like uh

705
00:26:49,590 --> 00:26:47,520
beetlejuice and rigel and they're

706
00:26:51,269 --> 00:26:49,600
they're like affected by this right

707
00:26:53,669 --> 00:26:51,279
they are affected and actually if you go

708
00:26:55,990 --> 00:26:53,679
with the right uh instruments if you do

709
00:26:58,230 --> 00:26:56,000
i don't know for example in the h alpha

710
00:27:00,950 --> 00:26:58,240
or in the or in or in

711
00:27:03,909 --> 00:27:00,960
100 micron there's different tracers but

712
00:27:06,710 --> 00:27:03,919
you can see spectacular pictures of the

713
00:27:09,430 --> 00:27:06,720
giant rings which are the remnants of

714
00:27:11,350 --> 00:27:09,440
supernova that exploded in

715
00:27:13,430 --> 00:27:11,360
very recently you can you can we can

716
00:27:16,390 --> 00:27:13,440
still see the explosion

717
00:27:18,310 --> 00:27:16,400
you know the material being blown away

718
00:27:20,549 --> 00:27:18,320
and and when you see this giant

719
00:27:22,630 --> 00:27:20,559
supernova normally they are associated

720
00:27:24,789 --> 00:27:22,640
the recent star formation because

721
00:27:26,310 --> 00:27:24,799
giant stars have a short life and tend

722
00:27:29,350 --> 00:27:26,320
to explode as

723
00:27:34,630 --> 00:27:29,360
a supernova type 2 supernovae so it's we

724
00:27:37,830 --> 00:27:35,990
collection of

725
00:27:39,269 --> 00:27:37,840
of uh of of uh

726
00:27:41,510 --> 00:27:39,279
phenomenology

727
00:27:43,750 --> 00:27:41,520
associated to star formation

728
00:27:46,710 --> 00:27:43,760
large mass small mass

729
00:27:49,590 --> 00:27:46,720
is there in this place in this part of

730
00:27:51,269 --> 00:27:49,600
the sky so far for astronomy is a

731
00:27:52,470 --> 00:27:51,279
fantastic

732
00:27:55,669 --> 00:27:52,480
region

733
00:27:58,070 --> 00:27:55,679
let's ask our astrophotographer he's has

734
00:28:00,710 --> 00:27:58,080
taken h alpha images

735
00:28:04,149 --> 00:28:00,720
uh no i've never well i mean my camera

736
00:28:06,470 --> 00:28:04,159
is modified so it can get better h alpha

737
00:28:09,510 --> 00:28:06,480
but i don't have actual specific filters

738
00:28:10,630 --> 00:28:09,520
for it yeah that can be expensive

739
00:28:11,669 --> 00:28:10,640
yeah

740
00:28:13,750 --> 00:28:11,679
you can see

741
00:28:16,389 --> 00:28:13,760
in h alpha images of this region you can

742
00:28:19,830 --> 00:28:16,399
see what's called barnard's loop it's a

743
00:28:22,070 --> 00:28:19,840
it's a big loop uh off to the the east

744
00:28:24,149 --> 00:28:22,080
side of the cluster and then also uh

745
00:28:26,549 --> 00:28:24,159
around lambda ori to the north again

746
00:28:28,870 --> 00:28:26,559
there's a big h alpha

747
00:28:31,669 --> 00:28:28,880
uh piece that you know you just see in

748
00:28:33,909 --> 00:28:31,679
these uh fantastic images of the entire

749
00:28:36,710 --> 00:28:33,919
en entire constellation and each alpha

750
00:28:38,070 --> 00:28:36,720
filter is a good investment yeah

751
00:28:40,070 --> 00:28:38,080
for christmas

752
00:28:42,549 --> 00:28:40,080
one of these days soon hopefully one of

753
00:28:44,230 --> 00:28:42,559
these days one of my other astronomers

754
00:28:46,389 --> 00:28:44,240
uh this is from paul stewart this is

755
00:28:47,269 --> 00:28:46,399
also an h alpha plus um

756
00:28:49,110 --> 00:28:47,279
with

757
00:28:50,870 --> 00:28:49,120
the the rest of the spectrum here but

758
00:28:52,230 --> 00:28:50,880
this is taken from new zealand actually

759
00:28:53,909 --> 00:28:52,240
so actually let me just say real quick

760
00:28:55,750 --> 00:28:53,919
scott massimo if you want

761
00:28:57,590 --> 00:28:55,760
if this image doesn't appear big on your

762
00:28:59,350 --> 00:28:57,600
screen you can just click on one of the

763
00:29:00,310 --> 00:28:59,360
little icons to get it bigger up on your

764
00:29:01,669 --> 00:29:00,320
screen and you'll be able to get a

765
00:29:03,430 --> 00:29:01,679
better look i don't know if you're

766
00:29:05,269 --> 00:29:03,440
trying to squint down at the thumbnail

767
00:29:07,110 --> 00:29:05,279
or not so

768
00:29:08,230 --> 00:29:07,120
i just wanted to say that

769
00:29:10,230 --> 00:29:08,240
there's a little film strip on the

770
00:29:11,510 --> 00:29:10,240
bottom if you click on whichever image

771
00:29:12,549 --> 00:29:11,520
you want to see it'll make it large on

772
00:29:13,750 --> 00:29:12,559
your screen

773
00:29:16,870 --> 00:29:13,760
do you see you see what i'm talking

774
00:29:19,750 --> 00:29:18,470
massimo

775
00:29:21,110 --> 00:29:19,760
yep

776
00:29:22,230 --> 00:29:21,120
i was trying to say that you know in

777
00:29:23,830 --> 00:29:22,240
case

778
00:29:26,230 --> 00:29:23,840
you when you're looking at this at this

779
00:29:28,149 --> 00:29:26,240
hangout if when scott shows a picture

780
00:29:29,750 --> 00:29:28,159
and it's not big on your mac on your

781
00:29:32,149 --> 00:29:29,760
screen just click on it and it'll make

782
00:29:33,430 --> 00:29:32,159
it big okay you know but i i think i

783
00:29:35,190 --> 00:29:33,440
don't know lynn but

784
00:29:44,310 --> 00:29:35,200
with a glimpse we can immediately you

785
00:29:47,750 --> 00:29:45,510
looking at the thumbnail so i just

786
00:29:50,230 --> 00:29:47,760
wanted to clear that up

787
00:29:51,350 --> 00:29:50,240
so okay we know the corner

788
00:29:52,950 --> 00:29:51,360
okay

789
00:29:54,789 --> 00:29:52,960
so uh

790
00:29:56,549 --> 00:29:54,799
this looks a lot different than the

791
00:29:58,230 --> 00:29:56,559
other one i mean in terms of colors and

792
00:30:00,870 --> 00:29:58,240
things like that you said uh tell me

793
00:30:02,789 --> 00:30:00,880
again what it was so this is uh taken by

794
00:30:06,149 --> 00:30:02,799
paul stewart who's out of new zealand

795
00:30:09,350 --> 00:30:06,159
and he this these are 822nd

796
00:30:12,230 --> 00:30:09,360
it's an lrgb and also eight seconds

797
00:30:15,029 --> 00:30:12,240
excuse me eight shots of 300 seconds in

798
00:30:17,430 --> 00:30:15,039
hydrogen alpha so he took these and

799
00:30:19,029 --> 00:30:17,440
stacked them on there and as he likes to

800
00:30:21,190 --> 00:30:19,039
call himself the correctly oriented

801
00:30:22,470 --> 00:30:21,200
astronomer since he's upside down to us

802
00:30:24,310 --> 00:30:22,480
but um

803
00:30:26,310 --> 00:30:24,320
constellation after all

804
00:30:28,630 --> 00:30:26,320
but yeah so this is showing the

805
00:30:29,830 --> 00:30:28,640
difference in the the different colors

806
00:30:31,269 --> 00:30:29,840
and the structures you're able to see

807
00:30:33,110 --> 00:30:31,279
when you are looking at these different

808
00:30:35,430 --> 00:30:33,120
wavelengths so hydrogen alpha is

809
00:30:37,430 --> 00:30:35,440
something that's going to be more red to

810
00:30:39,110 --> 00:30:37,440
us than what we would see in the regular

811
00:30:40,389 --> 00:30:39,120
optical light that we see with our eyes

812
00:30:42,070 --> 00:30:40,399
all the time

813
00:30:44,070 --> 00:30:42,080
yes okay

814
00:30:47,590 --> 00:30:44,080
so um okay let me go back to something

815
00:30:49,350 --> 00:30:47,600
you said earlier on you said that um you

816
00:30:51,350 --> 00:30:49,360
you were one of your one of your uh

817
00:30:53,990 --> 00:30:51,360
areas of interest is stellar populations

818
00:30:54,789 --> 00:30:54,000
in the in the orion nebula so

819
00:30:59,350 --> 00:30:54,799
what

820
00:31:00,310 --> 00:30:59,360
and uh

821
00:31:01,669 --> 00:31:00,320
uh

822
00:31:03,029 --> 00:31:01,679
you know tell us a little bit about what

823
00:31:04,950 --> 00:31:03,039
you're finding when you look for these

824
00:31:06,470 --> 00:31:04,960
stellar populations

825
00:31:08,870 --> 00:31:06,480
sure so some of the interesting things

826
00:31:10,789 --> 00:31:08,880
about the the stars in the orion nebula

827
00:31:12,549 --> 00:31:10,799
are as we've said there are these couple

828
00:31:14,389 --> 00:31:12,559
of massive stars that you know kind of

829
00:31:15,990 --> 00:31:14,399
create all the havoc that make the orion

830
00:31:18,870 --> 00:31:16,000
nebula beautiful

831
00:31:19,630 --> 00:31:18,880
uh but there's uh an entire

832
00:31:22,630 --> 00:31:19,640
uh

833
00:31:25,990 --> 00:31:22,640
distribution of masses that go down all

834
00:31:28,149 --> 00:31:26,000
the way from these few tens maybe uh you

835
00:31:30,789 --> 00:31:28,159
know 40 45 solar masses for the most

836
00:31:33,029 --> 00:31:30,799
massive one down to one solar mass which

837
00:31:35,430 --> 00:31:33,039
the mass of our sun

838
00:31:38,389 --> 00:31:35,440
with more of these lower mass stars than

839
00:31:40,549 --> 00:31:38,399
there are higher mass stars and then the

840
00:31:41,750 --> 00:31:40,559
distribution just keeps going down all

841
00:31:46,070 --> 00:31:41,760
the way

842
00:31:48,070 --> 00:31:46,080
about a tenth of a solar mass so ten

843
00:31:50,310 --> 00:31:48,080
percent of the mass of the sun

844
00:31:52,230 --> 00:31:50,320
is uh considered right around the limit

845
00:31:54,789 --> 00:31:52,240
for which uh stars

846
00:31:56,310 --> 00:31:54,799
are considered stars that is they're uh

847
00:31:57,830 --> 00:31:56,320
they they burn

848
00:31:58,710 --> 00:31:57,840
hydrogen

849
00:32:00,470 --> 00:31:58,720
right

850
00:32:02,630 --> 00:32:00,480
exactly they burn hydrogen fuel in their

851
00:32:04,470 --> 00:32:02,640
in their center and are self

852
00:32:07,269 --> 00:32:04,480
luminous and can live for billions of

853
00:32:08,310 --> 00:32:07,279
years uh but the mass spectrum keeps

854
00:32:10,789 --> 00:32:08,320
going

855
00:32:12,950 --> 00:32:10,799
uh and uh into what's called the brown

856
00:32:15,190 --> 00:32:12,960
dwarf regime so those are objects that

857
00:32:16,950 --> 00:32:15,200
are not massive enough so that the

858
00:32:19,350 --> 00:32:16,960
centers are hot enough and dense enough

859
00:32:22,230 --> 00:32:19,360
that they'll burn hydrogen undergo

860
00:32:25,110 --> 00:32:22,240
fusion and become a main sequence star

861
00:32:27,190 --> 00:32:25,120
so those brown dwarfs will just

862
00:32:28,870 --> 00:32:27,200
as they they form like stars but then

863
00:32:32,149 --> 00:32:28,880
they just continue to

864
00:32:34,230 --> 00:32:32,159
cool and and contract and never

865
00:32:36,549 --> 00:32:34,240
stabilize themselves as as hydrogen

866
00:32:38,549 --> 00:32:36,559
burning and there are

867
00:32:40,470 --> 00:32:38,559
you know at some there's a

868
00:32:42,389 --> 00:32:40,480
as i said a mass spectrum or

869
00:32:45,029 --> 00:32:42,399
distribution of masses where there are

870
00:32:47,190 --> 00:32:45,039
more low mass stars than high mass stars

871
00:32:48,950 --> 00:32:47,200
and then somewhere

872
00:32:51,430 --> 00:32:48,960
probably above

873
00:32:54,230 --> 00:32:51,440
seemingly above the brown dwarf

874
00:32:56,470 --> 00:32:54,240
limit this mass spectrum turns over and

875
00:32:59,190 --> 00:32:56,480
so there are you know there are brown

876
00:33:00,789 --> 00:32:59,200
dwarfs down there uh but there are fewer

877
00:33:03,430 --> 00:33:00,799
of them than there are stars this has

878
00:33:04,789 --> 00:33:03,440
been kind of a uh topic that's gone back

879
00:33:07,830 --> 00:33:04,799
and forth as what's the true

880
00:33:09,430 --> 00:33:07,840
distribution uh as as as i said earlier

881
00:33:11,830 --> 00:33:09,440
you know shake up a molecular cloud and

882
00:33:13,750 --> 00:33:11,840
form stars you know what what falls out

883
00:33:15,750 --> 00:33:13,760
uh there's been some debate

884
00:33:18,070 --> 00:33:15,760
observational you know how we convert

885
00:33:19,509 --> 00:33:18,080
the things that we observe into

886
00:33:21,909 --> 00:33:19,519
something like a mass right it's not

887
00:33:24,310 --> 00:33:21,919
very easy uh to measure the mass or the

888
00:33:25,669 --> 00:33:24,320
age for a star we have techniques so we

889
00:33:27,830 --> 00:33:25,679
can measure its temperature we can

890
00:33:29,909 --> 00:33:27,840
measure how bright it is but you know we

891
00:33:31,909 --> 00:33:29,919
can't weigh it or uh you know carbon

892
00:33:34,230 --> 00:33:31,919
dated or something like that like we do

893
00:33:36,070 --> 00:33:34,240
for more familiar objects here on earth

894
00:33:37,509 --> 00:33:36,080
uh so it's a bit of a challenge of you

895
00:33:39,909 --> 00:33:37,519
know going between

896
00:33:42,149 --> 00:33:39,919
uh you know converting what we observe

897
00:33:44,230 --> 00:33:42,159
into into using our understanding of

898
00:33:46,710 --> 00:33:44,240
stellar evolution and theory to convert

899
00:33:48,789 --> 00:33:46,720
things into a mass so uh for for a time

900
00:33:50,149 --> 00:33:48,799
there was some you know kind of debate

901
00:33:51,909 --> 00:33:50,159
about you know how many brown dwarfs

902
00:33:54,950 --> 00:33:51,919
there were versus stars and it's pretty

903
00:33:57,110 --> 00:33:54,960
clear in the orion nebula and in most

904
00:33:58,630 --> 00:33:57,120
other star-forming regions now that this

905
00:33:59,990 --> 00:33:58,640
mass spectrum turns over and so there

906
00:34:01,509 --> 00:34:00,000
are fewer brown dwarfs than there are

907
00:34:03,430 --> 00:34:01,519
stars but they're still they're still

908
00:34:04,950 --> 00:34:03,440
there and about 20 percent of all

909
00:34:07,990 --> 00:34:04,960
objects are probably

910
00:34:10,389 --> 00:34:08,000
brown dwarfs about 80 percent are stars

911
00:34:13,909 --> 00:34:10,399
wow and how are those mostly found in

912
00:34:18,230 --> 00:34:13,919
the uh infrared the brown dwarfs

913
00:34:19,829 --> 00:34:18,240
bro uh yes yeah um laughing

914
00:34:21,669 --> 00:34:19,839
i'm laughing because you are talking

915
00:34:24,470 --> 00:34:21,679
about our next i mean

916
00:34:26,470 --> 00:34:24,480
lynn and i are working on uh on to

917
00:34:27,829 --> 00:34:26,480
exactly solve this problem using hubble

918
00:34:29,430 --> 00:34:27,839
in the infrared

919
00:34:31,349 --> 00:34:29,440
oh okay all right so you're going to

920
00:34:33,669 --> 00:34:31,359
answer that question then right are you

921
00:34:36,470 --> 00:34:33,679
going to be able to see them in

922
00:34:38,149 --> 00:34:36,480
very soon we'll have a precise senses

923
00:34:44,310 --> 00:34:38,159
okay

924
00:34:49,190 --> 00:34:46,230
no but there is an interesting if i can

925
00:34:52,230 --> 00:34:49,200
there is an interesting uh

926
00:34:55,030 --> 00:34:52,240
problem here which fascinates me

927
00:34:57,510 --> 00:34:55,040
uh all these stars are actually only the

928
00:35:00,069 --> 00:34:57,520
only very few and the the largest one

929
00:35:02,630 --> 00:35:00,079
are burning hydrogen

930
00:35:04,390 --> 00:35:02,640
we have these thousands of stars and

931
00:35:06,390 --> 00:35:04,400
they are not burning hydrogen they are

932
00:35:07,670 --> 00:35:06,400
so young that they are still

933
00:35:10,150 --> 00:35:07,680
preparing

934
00:35:12,950 --> 00:35:10,160
the the hydrogen burning they still need

935
00:35:15,190 --> 00:35:12,960
to to to shrink in size to raise their

936
00:35:18,150 --> 00:35:15,200
internal temperature eventually they

937
00:35:20,470 --> 00:35:18,160
will burn either number will take 50 000

938
00:35:22,630 --> 00:35:20,480
years 100 000 years the smaller stars

939
00:35:24,950 --> 00:35:22,640
will take a lot of time actually the

940
00:35:26,390 --> 00:35:24,960
smaller smaller will never reach that

941
00:35:29,270 --> 00:35:26,400
point and these are what we call the

942
00:35:30,390 --> 00:35:29,280
brown dwarfs so the interesting question

943
00:35:32,310 --> 00:35:30,400
is that

944
00:35:34,470 --> 00:35:32,320
even if there is something here that

945
00:35:36,390 --> 00:35:34,480
will happen in the far future in

946
00:35:37,829 --> 00:35:36,400
hundreds of thousands of years

947
00:35:41,430 --> 00:35:37,839
it is like

948
00:35:43,510 --> 00:35:41,440
if nature regulates itself so to have

949
00:35:46,470 --> 00:35:43,520
the majority of stars

950
00:35:49,109 --> 00:35:46,480
basically at the at this magic crossing

951
00:35:50,950 --> 00:35:49,119
point between burning or not burning so

952
00:35:54,150 --> 00:35:50,960
there is something here that sort of

953
00:35:56,390 --> 00:35:54,160
regulates most of the stars are born

954
00:35:58,470 --> 00:35:56,400
just there which is a fascinating point

955
00:36:01,030 --> 00:35:58,480
how do they know what will happen in 100

956
00:36:04,310 --> 00:36:01,040
000 years so this is an open problem we

957
00:36:06,310 --> 00:36:04,320
think that maybe other type of

958
00:36:08,550 --> 00:36:06,320
nuclear burning like burning deuterium

959
00:36:10,950 --> 00:36:08,560
may have something to do but this is an

960
00:36:13,910 --> 00:36:10,960
interesting question why why does most

961
00:36:16,630 --> 00:36:13,920
of the stars form just at the mass where

962
00:36:19,190 --> 00:36:16,640
they will eventually burn hydrogen it's

963
00:36:20,630 --> 00:36:19,200
it's a is a curiosity and an interesting

964
00:36:23,109 --> 00:36:20,640
problem

965
00:36:25,829 --> 00:36:23,119
why would most of the stars being that

966
00:36:27,910 --> 00:36:25,839
are born in this nebula

967
00:36:29,270 --> 00:36:27,920
if the mass just doesn't get that point

968
00:36:31,510 --> 00:36:29,280
where they start to burn that's what

969
00:36:33,750 --> 00:36:31,520
most of the stars are right most of the

970
00:36:35,829 --> 00:36:33,760
stars like to walk on the fine line so

971
00:36:38,390 --> 00:36:35,839
to speak which is which is interesting

972
00:36:40,390 --> 00:36:38,400
why they don't overdo on one side or the

973
00:36:42,550 --> 00:36:40,400
other but stay on the line okay so

974
00:36:43,910 --> 00:36:42,560
here's where i'm at

975
00:36:47,670 --> 00:36:43,920
they're like johnny cash and they just

976
00:36:50,390 --> 00:36:47,680
walk the line what exactly yeah okay

977
00:36:53,030 --> 00:36:50,400
yeah okay all right there's one here

978
00:36:55,109 --> 00:36:53,040
that was it that was the only one okay

979
00:36:56,870 --> 00:36:55,119
um so i

980
00:36:58,390 --> 00:36:56,880
i guess i'm still

981
00:37:00,870 --> 00:36:58,400
i'm sorry massimo i'm still trying to

982
00:37:02,230 --> 00:37:00,880
understand that statement of because i

983
00:37:04,230 --> 00:37:02,240
thought lynn said that there were there

984
00:37:06,069 --> 00:37:04,240
was a distribution of stars out there

985
00:37:09,829 --> 00:37:06,079
and that the brown dwarfs and the were

986
00:37:11,670 --> 00:37:09,839
like 20 right and then there were but

987
00:37:14,310 --> 00:37:11,680
you're saying the majority of stars that

988
00:37:17,270 --> 00:37:14,320
you're seeing in the orion nebula are

989
00:37:20,150 --> 00:37:17,280
those stars that are just massive enough

990
00:37:23,510 --> 00:37:20,160
for hydrogen to kick in or exactly

991
00:37:25,349 --> 00:37:23,520
exactly and but hydrogen to kiki in the

992
00:37:27,510 --> 00:37:25,359
future

993
00:37:29,670 --> 00:37:27,520
so there is something the way the masses

994
00:37:31,270 --> 00:37:29,680
of the stars are produced are

995
00:37:33,589 --> 00:37:31,280
distributed

996
00:37:36,230 --> 00:37:33,599
that sort of regulates them

997
00:37:38,230 --> 00:37:36,240
at that point and this is it's not only

998
00:37:40,710 --> 00:37:38,240
orion it's a general is a general

999
00:37:42,150 --> 00:37:40,720
relation so this is a is an interesting

1000
00:37:43,750 --> 00:37:42,160
problem that tells us that there is

1001
00:37:44,790 --> 00:37:43,760
something there that we need to clearly

1002
00:37:46,470 --> 00:37:44,800
understand

1003
00:37:48,150 --> 00:37:46,480
oh yeah that wow that's that's a

1004
00:37:50,470 --> 00:37:48,160
fascinating idea i didn't even thank you

1005
00:37:52,710 --> 00:37:50,480
i didn't realize that um i want to just

1006
00:37:54,710 --> 00:37:52,720
take a moment here and ask you massimo

1007
00:37:56,230 --> 00:37:54,720
did you want to grab another person to

1008
00:37:57,190 --> 00:37:56,240
come in or do you want to just keep

1009
00:37:58,790 --> 00:37:57,200
going because i've got some more

1010
00:38:00,950 --> 00:37:58,800
questions if you want me i can get up

1011
00:38:02,390 --> 00:38:00,960
but we have we have other guests here so

1012
00:38:04,390 --> 00:38:02,400
i can

1013
00:38:05,910 --> 00:38:04,400
let me give you an opportunity and while

1014
00:38:07,750 --> 00:38:05,920
i do that lynn if you could just stay

1015
00:38:10,150 --> 00:38:07,760
there you can go grab somebody let me

1016
00:38:12,630 --> 00:38:10,160
just let me just thank lynn for for uh

1017
00:38:15,030 --> 00:38:12,640
participating and and uh

1018
00:38:17,109 --> 00:38:15,040
and then then you can go if you want to

1019
00:38:18,710 --> 00:38:17,119
but you can stay in a hangout too we

1020
00:38:19,670 --> 00:38:18,720
like uh we'd like you to stay if you

1021
00:38:21,190 --> 00:38:19,680
want to

1022
00:38:22,710 --> 00:38:21,200
so uh

1023
00:38:25,589 --> 00:38:22,720
did you did you give a talk already

1024
00:38:28,069 --> 00:38:25,599
today lynn i did i gave uh the opening

1025
00:38:30,390 --> 00:38:28,079
talk this morning the first one and uh

1026
00:38:31,510 --> 00:38:30,400
that's that's sort of fun because uh

1027
00:38:33,270 --> 00:38:31,520
well as some of the conference

1028
00:38:35,589 --> 00:38:33,280
organizers uh

1029
00:38:38,630 --> 00:38:35,599
told me i'm i'm old enough now to give

1030
00:38:43,829 --> 00:38:41,109
so i've been working in this field uh

1031
00:38:46,230 --> 00:38:43,839
for long enough that uh you know i have

1032
00:38:48,310 --> 00:38:46,240
uh you know some connections uh to

1033
00:38:50,310 --> 00:38:48,320
people you know earlier generations of

1034
00:38:52,230 --> 00:38:50,320
uh of astronomers you know kind of have

1035
00:38:53,829 --> 00:38:52,240
some some corporate knowledge so to

1036
00:38:55,430 --> 00:38:53,839
speak or some long-term knowledge and so

1037
00:38:56,790 --> 00:38:55,440
i was able to give uh you know what i

1038
00:38:59,510 --> 00:38:56,800
thought was a pretty good

1039
00:39:01,030 --> 00:38:59,520
overview of uh you know early studies

1040
00:39:02,230 --> 00:39:01,040
you know that what i mentioned before

1041
00:39:04,390 --> 00:39:02,240
the just

1042
00:39:06,390 --> 00:39:04,400
long time hundreds of years fascination

1043
00:39:09,349 --> 00:39:06,400
that humanity has had with with the

1044
00:39:11,670 --> 00:39:09,359
orion nebula uh region you know from

1045
00:39:12,870 --> 00:39:11,680
before we had telescopes this just milky

1046
00:39:14,310 --> 00:39:12,880
distribution

1047
00:39:16,710 --> 00:39:14,320
uh that you referred to that you can see

1048
00:39:18,630 --> 00:39:16,720
with your your plain eye to the early

1049
00:39:20,710 --> 00:39:18,640
telescope drawings up through these

1050
00:39:22,950 --> 00:39:20,720
various stages of technology you know

1051
00:39:24,790 --> 00:39:22,960
we've always always gone back to

1052
00:39:27,589 --> 00:39:24,800
gone back to orion to test our equipment

1053
00:39:28,950 --> 00:39:27,599
to test our scientific theories about

1054
00:39:30,710 --> 00:39:28,960
things we think we

1055
00:39:33,030 --> 00:39:30,720
uh can conclude from studying other

1056
00:39:33,910 --> 00:39:33,040
regions you know what what does orion

1057
00:39:36,390 --> 00:39:33,920
say

1058
00:39:38,950 --> 00:39:36,400
uh you know so we we just use it as a as

1059
00:39:40,310 --> 00:39:38,960
a test bed and so my talk was the

1060
00:39:42,710 --> 00:39:40,320
introduction to the conference so i had

1061
00:39:44,470 --> 00:39:42,720
a lot of a lot of territory to uh to

1062
00:39:45,670 --> 00:39:44,480
cover and to try to set up some of the

1063
00:39:47,030 --> 00:39:45,680
um

1064
00:39:48,870 --> 00:39:47,040
other scientists who were going to be

1065
00:39:51,030 --> 00:39:48,880
talking about the specific details of

1066
00:39:52,630 --> 00:39:51,040
their of their research no pressure so

1067
00:39:53,589 --> 00:39:52,640
it's a fun talk to prepare

1068
00:39:56,310 --> 00:39:53,599
yeah

1069
00:39:58,069 --> 00:39:56,320
well uh so over the so over the years

1070
00:40:01,589 --> 00:39:58,079
over the millennia we've i often say

1071
00:40:03,750 --> 00:40:01,599
that you know we today uh in in you know

1072
00:40:05,910 --> 00:40:03,760
in the current our current times we are

1073
00:40:08,550 --> 00:40:05,920
kind of in the golden age of astronomy i

1074
00:40:10,790 --> 00:40:08,560
mean we live in a time when we are

1075
00:40:12,069 --> 00:40:10,800
making we are able to see so much of the

1076
00:40:13,430 --> 00:40:12,079
universe and so many different

1077
00:40:14,790 --> 00:40:13,440
wavelengths and now we have space

1078
00:40:17,670 --> 00:40:14,800
telescopes and we have ground-based

1079
00:40:19,190 --> 00:40:17,680
telescopes and and we have uh adaptive

1080
00:40:20,950 --> 00:40:19,200
optics techniques for ground-based

1081
00:40:23,589 --> 00:40:20,960
things uh that we are getting

1082
00:40:25,589 --> 00:40:23,599
unprecedented looks at the sky and so

1083
00:40:27,670 --> 00:40:25,599
one one of the questions i

1084
00:40:29,349 --> 00:40:27,680
might i have a favorite wavelength so i

1085
00:40:32,310 --> 00:40:29,359
wanted to ask you what is your favorite

1086
00:40:34,230 --> 00:40:32,320
wavelength to look at the orion nebula

1087
00:40:36,230 --> 00:40:34,240
my favorite wavelength well

1088
00:40:37,030 --> 00:40:36,240
it's you know it's probably the

1089
00:40:40,470 --> 00:40:37,040
the

1090
00:40:43,270 --> 00:40:40,480
because you know it's just so different

1091
00:40:45,589 --> 00:40:43,280
from what we can see or even just

1092
00:40:47,829 --> 00:40:45,599
extrapolate with our eye the processes

1093
00:40:49,910 --> 00:40:47,839
are are so different there uh you know

1094
00:40:51,589 --> 00:40:49,920
that it's just an entirely entirely new

1095
00:40:53,510 --> 00:40:51,599
look so i knew you were gonna say the

1096
00:40:55,270 --> 00:40:53,520
infrared the infrared is everybody's

1097
00:40:56,950 --> 00:40:55,280
face my favorite too i always say the

1098
00:40:59,190 --> 00:40:56,960
future of astronomy is in the infrared

1099
00:41:00,230 --> 00:40:59,200
that's what i've always said true anyway

1100
00:41:01,829 --> 00:41:00,240
um

1101
00:41:03,510 --> 00:41:01,839
lynn i want to thank you you are more

1102
00:41:04,950 --> 00:41:03,520
than welcome to stay but i see massimo

1103
00:41:07,190 --> 00:41:04,960
has someone with him would you like to

1104
00:41:10,710 --> 00:41:07,200
introduce her i'll i'll scoot over

1105
00:41:13,990 --> 00:41:12,230
and

1106
00:41:14,870 --> 00:41:14,000
thank you lynn

1107
00:41:16,230 --> 00:41:14,880
that was

1108
00:41:17,910 --> 00:41:16,240
elderbrand from

1109
00:41:21,109 --> 00:41:17,920
caltech

1110
00:41:24,870 --> 00:41:21,119
and i found lee hartmann

1111
00:41:27,109 --> 00:41:24,880
hi lee how are you doing lee that's good

1112
00:41:27,990 --> 00:41:27,119
uh and well thank you for joining us so

1113
00:41:30,230 --> 00:41:28,000
i don't know if you know what you've

1114
00:41:32,230 --> 00:41:30,240
been brought in on but this is a

1115
00:41:35,510 --> 00:41:32,240
a hangout on air we are broadcasting

1116
00:41:37,670 --> 00:41:35,520
this on youtube and on uh google plus

1117
00:41:39,750 --> 00:41:37,680
and we are uh

1118
00:41:41,349 --> 00:41:39,760
basically just trying to capture some of

1119
00:41:43,589 --> 00:41:41,359
the things some of the atmosphere that's

1120
00:41:45,190 --> 00:41:43,599
going on with this workshop and and

1121
00:41:46,950 --> 00:41:45,200
bring to the general public some of the

1122
00:41:48,870 --> 00:41:46,960
things that you guys are learning some

1123
00:41:49,750 --> 00:41:48,880
of the talks that you're presenting and

1124
00:41:51,910 --> 00:41:49,760
kind of

1125
00:41:53,589 --> 00:41:51,920
sort of get people going about the

1126
00:41:55,990 --> 00:41:53,599
latest cutting edge research that's

1127
00:41:58,069 --> 00:41:56,000
going on with with orion so

1128
00:42:00,230 --> 00:41:58,079
why don't you uh introduce yourself tell

1129
00:42:03,510 --> 00:42:00,240
us what you're working on tell us why

1130
00:42:06,230 --> 00:42:03,520
you're here at this workshop and uh uh

1131
00:42:07,510 --> 00:42:06,240
and and what brings you with this

1132
00:42:09,910 --> 00:42:07,520
uh

1133
00:42:12,309 --> 00:42:09,920
well part of it actually was many years

1134
00:42:14,150 --> 00:42:12,319
ago when uh lyndon was doing her thesis

1135
00:42:16,230 --> 00:42:14,160
on the orion nebula cluster

1136
00:42:17,430 --> 00:42:16,240
i actually knew her and we we wrote a

1137
00:42:19,589 --> 00:42:17,440
paper together

1138
00:42:21,430 --> 00:42:19,599
um so that that's that was actually the

1139
00:42:22,870 --> 00:42:21,440
start of it um

1140
00:42:25,829 --> 00:42:22,880
and uh

1141
00:42:29,030 --> 00:42:25,839
more generally i'm interested in

1142
00:42:31,430 --> 00:42:29,040
in how stars form and how clusters form

1143
00:42:33,109 --> 00:42:31,440
and you know the orion orion is kind of

1144
00:42:34,230 --> 00:42:33,119
the closest big cluster that we have to

1145
00:42:36,230 --> 00:42:34,240
work with

1146
00:42:37,510 --> 00:42:36,240
and it's particularly interesting

1147
00:42:39,589 --> 00:42:37,520
because

1148
00:42:40,790 --> 00:42:39,599
it's not done forming you know there's

1149
00:42:42,230 --> 00:42:40,800
probably still

1150
00:42:43,349 --> 00:42:42,240
going to be

1151
00:42:45,030 --> 00:42:43,359
um

1152
00:42:46,630 --> 00:42:45,040
well we don't know but it's certainly

1153
00:42:48,230 --> 00:42:46,640
forming stars right right at this

1154
00:42:49,910 --> 00:42:48,240
instant by instant i mean the last

1155
00:42:52,230 --> 00:42:49,920
hundred thousand years

1156
00:42:54,230 --> 00:42:52,240
and uh you know it could actually almost

1157
00:42:55,750 --> 00:42:54,240
double in size by the time it's done

1158
00:42:57,670 --> 00:42:55,760
given the amount of gas that's lying

1159
00:42:59,829 --> 00:42:57,680
around

1160
00:43:01,510 --> 00:42:59,839
so maybe we're seeing kind of like a

1161
00:43:03,430 --> 00:43:01,520
you know cluster halfway or two thirds

1162
00:43:04,150 --> 00:43:03,440
of the way being formed

1163
00:43:05,829 --> 00:43:04,160
so

1164
00:43:07,030 --> 00:43:05,839
you're saying when they level in size

1165
00:43:08,630 --> 00:43:07,040
you mean then the stars that are

1166
00:43:10,150 --> 00:43:08,640
currently there could could double in

1167
00:43:11,589 --> 00:43:10,160
size

1168
00:43:13,190 --> 00:43:11,599
well actually when i need to have twice

1169
00:43:15,990 --> 00:43:13,200
as many stars

1170
00:43:17,670 --> 00:43:16,000
now

1171
00:43:19,270 --> 00:43:17,680
yeah okay

1172
00:43:21,349 --> 00:43:19,280
so you said you're interested in how

1173
00:43:22,870 --> 00:43:21,359
stars form and how clusters form is

1174
00:43:25,510 --> 00:43:22,880
there a difference i mean are the are

1175
00:43:27,750 --> 00:43:25,520
they two different

1176
00:43:28,710 --> 00:43:27,760
are the ideas involved in how stars form

1177
00:43:30,230 --> 00:43:28,720
it seem to be would be a little bit

1178
00:43:31,190 --> 00:43:30,240
different than how a cluster would form

1179
00:43:33,270 --> 00:43:31,200
right

1180
00:43:35,270 --> 00:43:33,280
well

1181
00:43:36,710 --> 00:43:35,280
so i think that there's a unifying i

1182
00:43:39,270 --> 00:43:36,720
mean personally i think there's a

1183
00:43:41,109 --> 00:43:39,280
unifying uh theme which is which is

1184
00:43:43,109 --> 00:43:41,119
gravity i mean gravity is ultimately

1185
00:43:46,069 --> 00:43:43,119
responsible for bringing

1186
00:43:48,309 --> 00:43:46,079
for collecting stuff together right and

1187
00:43:49,109 --> 00:43:48,319
that's what holds a star together right

1188
00:43:50,470 --> 00:43:49,119
and

1189
00:43:51,910 --> 00:43:50,480
um

1190
00:43:53,829 --> 00:43:51,920
the star is a little different because

1191
00:43:55,270 --> 00:43:53,839
it's got gas pressure you know it's hot

1192
00:43:57,430 --> 00:43:55,280
and whatever

1193
00:43:59,270 --> 00:43:57,440
uh to that prevents it from collapsing

1194
00:44:00,470 --> 00:43:59,280
down into a you know

1195
00:44:01,829 --> 00:44:00,480
a point

1196
00:44:04,550 --> 00:44:01,839
but uh

1197
00:44:06,150 --> 00:44:04,560
you know the probably i think gravity

1198
00:44:08,069 --> 00:44:06,160
in the same way that gravity pulled the

1199
00:44:09,589 --> 00:44:08,079
gas together to make the sun let's say

1200
00:44:10,550 --> 00:44:09,599
that gravity would do the same thing to

1201
00:44:12,870 --> 00:44:10,560
bring

1202
00:44:14,950 --> 00:44:12,880
gas and stars together in a denser

1203
00:44:16,550 --> 00:44:14,960
concentration which is what we call

1204
00:44:18,230 --> 00:44:16,560
cluster so we were just talking about

1205
00:44:21,270 --> 00:44:18,240
stellar populations a while ago and

1206
00:44:23,109 --> 00:44:21,280
massimo made the point that well uh

1207
00:44:25,910 --> 00:44:23,119
lynn made lynn was telling us the range

1208
00:44:28,309 --> 00:44:25,920
of densities and the and the the range

1209
00:44:30,230 --> 00:44:28,319
of stellar populations within the

1210
00:44:33,270 --> 00:44:30,240
nebula that there were some you know

1211
00:44:35,430 --> 00:44:33,280
stars as big as 50 uh times the solar 50

1212
00:44:37,109 --> 00:44:35,440
solar masses all the way down to brown

1213
00:44:38,390 --> 00:44:37,119
dwarfs and massimo made an interesting

1214
00:44:40,710 --> 00:44:38,400
point that

1215
00:44:41,910 --> 00:44:40,720
most of the stars that they're finding

1216
00:44:45,109 --> 00:44:41,920
are

1217
00:44:48,230 --> 00:44:45,119
enough

1218
00:44:50,470 --> 00:44:48,240
for nuclear fusion to start

1219
00:44:53,510 --> 00:44:50,480
and so this would make this a

1220
00:44:55,589 --> 00:44:53,520
very specific are the is this

1221
00:44:58,309 --> 00:44:55,599
if you think of it as a cluster does

1222
00:45:00,309 --> 00:44:58,319
that make the orion cluster unique or is

1223
00:45:02,069 --> 00:45:00,319
it pretty much how all star clusters are

1224
00:45:04,230 --> 00:45:02,079
because he was saying there's sort of a

1225
00:45:07,109 --> 00:45:04,240
not a bias but a preference something is

1226
00:45:09,270 --> 00:45:07,119
some process is involved to keep it to

1227
00:45:12,150 --> 00:45:09,280
keep the sizes of these small stars the

1228
00:45:14,390 --> 00:45:12,160
way they are just large enough to start

1229
00:45:17,190 --> 00:45:14,400
nuclear fusion

1230
00:45:20,069 --> 00:45:17,200
well so the number of stars

1231
00:45:21,750 --> 00:45:20,079
at each mass

1232
00:45:23,829 --> 00:45:21,760
if you look at it as a probability

1233
00:45:25,990 --> 00:45:23,839
distribution it looks it looks pretty

1234
00:45:28,150 --> 00:45:26,000
similar to other distributions that we

1235
00:45:29,990 --> 00:45:28,160
see so i think there's not a strong

1236
00:45:31,670 --> 00:45:30,000
evidence that orion is different in that

1237
00:45:33,430 --> 00:45:31,680
respect than

1238
00:45:38,390 --> 00:45:33,440
than most other

1239
00:45:42,470 --> 00:45:38,400
if we could get us

1240
00:45:47,030 --> 00:45:42,480
an early typical mass as he says

1241
00:45:51,430 --> 00:45:48,790
say again we lost you

1242
00:45:52,230 --> 00:45:51,440
i think you're back though okay okay we

1243
00:45:53,750 --> 00:45:52,240
must

1244
00:45:56,790 --> 00:45:53,760
oh are you there

1245
00:45:58,470 --> 00:45:56,800
yeah okay sorry we uh we we we dropped

1246
00:45:59,990 --> 00:45:58,480
you for just a second there but uh i

1247
00:46:01,990 --> 00:46:00,000
guess my what might what what i'd like

1248
00:46:03,589 --> 00:46:02,000
to find out is though if we could look

1249
00:46:06,309 --> 00:46:03,599
at

1250
00:46:07,430 --> 00:46:06,319
another orion complex something similar

1251
00:46:08,710 --> 00:46:07,440
to that

1252
00:46:10,230 --> 00:46:08,720
would that be

1253
00:46:11,510 --> 00:46:10,240
a com you think that'd be a common

1254
00:46:13,990 --> 00:46:11,520
occurrence then what we're seeing in

1255
00:46:15,990 --> 00:46:14,000
orion we just happen to be lucky because

1256
00:46:17,829 --> 00:46:16,000
we can see it while it's still going on

1257
00:46:20,710 --> 00:46:17,839
all this star formation but this is

1258
00:46:22,790 --> 00:46:20,720
probably a pretty common way in which

1259
00:46:24,069 --> 00:46:22,800
star star clusters are being born right

1260
00:46:25,670 --> 00:46:24,079
or being formed

1261
00:46:28,150 --> 00:46:25,680
well we think we think so i mean there

1262
00:46:29,910 --> 00:46:28,160
are more mass lots more massive clusters

1263
00:46:31,349 --> 00:46:29,920
there they're farther away so they're

1264
00:46:33,190 --> 00:46:31,359
harder to study

1265
00:46:35,589 --> 00:46:33,200
but you know to the extent that we can

1266
00:46:36,309 --> 00:46:35,599
study them they look you know the

1267
00:46:41,430 --> 00:46:36,319
the

1268
00:46:43,430 --> 00:46:41,440
stars have is pretty much like it is in

1269
00:46:45,670 --> 00:46:43,440
orion as far as we can tell and we talk

1270
00:46:47,910 --> 00:46:45,680
actually this distribution of mass is

1271
00:46:50,710 --> 00:46:47,920
called initial mass fashion and we

1272
00:46:53,030 --> 00:46:50,720
usually attach the word universal

1273
00:46:55,030 --> 00:46:53,040
so there is a at least in the in the

1274
00:46:56,710 --> 00:46:55,040
general uh

1275
00:46:58,309 --> 00:46:56,720
in the general

1276
00:47:00,150 --> 00:46:58,319
type of dependence

1277
00:47:03,270 --> 00:47:00,160
uh

1278
00:47:06,069 --> 00:47:03,280
there is a strong indication for being

1279
00:47:07,190 --> 00:47:06,079
uh on average the same but

1280
00:47:12,069 --> 00:47:07,200
maybe

1281
00:47:14,069 --> 00:47:12,079
large masses you may have situations

1282
00:47:18,790 --> 00:47:14,079
with where there is a variation but it's

1283
00:47:21,510 --> 00:47:18,800
always uh the small number statistic but

1284
00:47:25,190 --> 00:47:21,520
we start at this time

1285
00:47:27,109 --> 00:47:25,200
very well to more or less the same

1286
00:47:29,349 --> 00:47:27,119
okay well we're getting close to the end

1287
00:47:30,870 --> 00:47:29,359
of the time we have but i want to get to

1288
00:47:33,750 --> 00:47:30,880
some of the questions and comments that

1289
00:47:35,829 --> 00:47:33,760
we have that we're seeing um

1290
00:47:38,309 --> 00:47:35,839
but before i do i got to ask you guys

1291
00:47:41,750 --> 00:47:38,319
what about planets well i mean are you

1292
00:47:43,910 --> 00:47:41,760
guys focusing primarily on uh uh star

1293
00:47:45,750 --> 00:47:43,920
forming or uh just star formation and

1294
00:47:48,150 --> 00:47:45,760
stellar populations or is anybody is

1295
00:47:50,390 --> 00:47:48,160
anybody looking at exoplanets and i know

1296
00:47:52,710 --> 00:47:50,400
there's protoplanetary disks in there so

1297
00:47:53,990 --> 00:47:52,720
presumably there's uh some planets that

1298
00:47:56,470 --> 00:47:54,000
might have been formed in there as well

1299
00:47:58,309 --> 00:47:56,480
is any any comments on that that was one

1300
00:47:59,030 --> 00:47:58,319
of the questions i was going to ask too

1301
00:48:00,790 --> 00:47:59,040
oh

1302
00:48:03,270 --> 00:48:00,800
i'm sorry i'm definitely in wait what's

1303
00:48:04,150 --> 00:48:03,280
going to ruin our guests time here oh i

1304
00:48:05,589 --> 00:48:04,160
did

1305
00:48:09,349 --> 00:48:05,599
in fact i'm gonna make that was

1306
00:48:12,630 --> 00:48:09,359
michael's question so you can answer him

1307
00:48:18,870 --> 00:48:15,589
people are are focusing in the exoplanet

1308
00:48:22,150 --> 00:48:18,880
business on closer regions right so

1309
00:48:24,309 --> 00:48:22,160
so uh uh the nearest

1310
00:48:26,309 --> 00:48:24,319
the nearest regions we have to look at

1311
00:48:28,710 --> 00:48:26,319
planets forming in disks

1312
00:48:31,270 --> 00:48:28,720
is basically uh regions that are about

1313
00:48:33,670 --> 00:48:31,280
three times closer than orion

1314
00:48:35,349 --> 00:48:33,680
so it's it's clear that the planets must

1315
00:48:37,990 --> 00:48:35,359
be forming and there must be planets

1316
00:48:38,870 --> 00:48:38,000
around the stars but people are focusing

1317
00:48:43,190 --> 00:48:38,880
on

1318
00:48:45,829 --> 00:48:43,200
uh first because you know they're easier

1319
00:48:47,510 --> 00:48:45,839
to resolve the

1320
00:48:50,230 --> 00:48:47,520
the you know

1321
00:48:52,069 --> 00:48:50,240
the planets or or see a structure in

1322
00:48:55,109 --> 00:48:52,079
their in their disks that are making

1323
00:48:57,190 --> 00:48:55,119
them or if if you really want to

1324
00:48:59,270 --> 00:48:57,200
you know the only far away

1325
00:49:00,470 --> 00:48:59,280
planet survey that there is is kepler

1326
00:49:02,630 --> 00:49:00,480
right

1327
00:49:04,309 --> 00:49:02,640
and that's kind of statistical so those

1328
00:49:05,990 --> 00:49:04,319
are the transits and and we can find

1329
00:49:08,309 --> 00:49:06,000
very small planets

1330
00:49:10,150 --> 00:49:08,319
that go in front of the star right

1331
00:49:11,750 --> 00:49:10,160
but it's very hard to do any

1332
00:49:13,030 --> 00:49:11,760
characterization because they're all far

1333
00:49:13,750 --> 00:49:13,040
away right

1334
00:49:16,950 --> 00:49:13,760
so

1335
00:49:19,430 --> 00:49:16,960
what people are really focusing on

1336
00:49:21,990 --> 00:49:19,440
uh for planets for

1337
00:49:24,390 --> 00:49:22,000
for very very young planets let's say

1338
00:49:26,710 --> 00:49:24,400
uh are regions that are you know at

1339
00:49:28,630 --> 00:49:26,720
least three times closer or or whatever

1340
00:49:32,790 --> 00:49:28,640
just because you know it's hard enough

1341
00:49:36,470 --> 00:49:32,800
as it is you have to consider that

1342
00:49:40,950 --> 00:49:36,480
one a pixel of the best hubble camera

1343
00:49:46,870 --> 00:49:43,990
astronomical units so everything will be

1344
00:49:48,710 --> 00:49:46,880
within a single pixel uh

1345
00:49:50,790 --> 00:49:48,720
and this is the one problem and the

1346
00:49:53,109 --> 00:49:50,800
second problem is that uh to see a

1347
00:49:54,390 --> 00:49:53,119
planet in the disk in that condition you

1348
00:49:56,069 --> 00:49:54,400
probably have to go in the infrared

1349
00:49:58,230 --> 00:49:56,079
because there are the disks that

1350
00:49:59,510 --> 00:49:58,240
typically produce a lot of extinction

1351
00:50:02,309 --> 00:49:59,520
and when you go in the infrared the

1352
00:50:04,790 --> 00:50:02,319
problem with the resolution becomes even

1353
00:50:07,109 --> 00:50:04,800
worse because your natural

1354
00:50:09,510 --> 00:50:07,119
shape of the of the point spread

1355
00:50:10,710 --> 00:50:09,520
function becomes larger and larger so

1356
00:50:13,750 --> 00:50:10,720
you need the

1357
00:50:14,710 --> 00:50:13,760
larger facilities with interferometers

1358
00:50:16,549 --> 00:50:14,720
and

1359
00:50:18,870 --> 00:50:16,559
but then you need also photons with

1360
00:50:20,710 --> 00:50:18,880
interferometers and this is science that

1361
00:50:22,150 --> 00:50:20,720
we need to leave something for our

1362
00:50:24,470 --> 00:50:22,160
children to do

1363
00:50:26,230 --> 00:50:24,480
interferometry is something i know what

1364
00:50:27,910 --> 00:50:26,240
it is i know tony but what do we mean by

1365
00:50:29,990 --> 00:50:27,920
an interferometer i think they're

1366
00:50:32,069 --> 00:50:30,000
fascinating or wonderful but what do you

1367
00:50:34,069 --> 00:50:32,079
mean by an interferometer oh an

1368
00:50:36,150 --> 00:50:34,079
interferometer is basically a big

1369
00:50:40,390 --> 00:50:36,160
telescope where you cut out all the

1370
00:50:42,790 --> 00:50:40,400
glass and you just keep the two extremes

1371
00:50:45,670 --> 00:50:42,800
but the two extremes must work

1372
00:50:47,750 --> 00:50:45,680
like a single piece of a giant telescope

1373
00:50:50,150 --> 00:50:47,760
so all the difficulty which means

1374
00:50:52,230 --> 00:50:50,160
technically to keep them in phase

1375
00:50:54,870 --> 00:50:52,240
otherwise you just have two telescopes

1376
00:50:57,109 --> 00:50:54,880
that get not like two light collectors

1377
00:50:59,270 --> 00:50:57,119
but if you manage to keep them in phase

1378
00:51:01,270 --> 00:50:59,280
like two imagine having a monster

1379
00:51:03,510 --> 00:51:01,280
surface and you just take out all the

1380
00:51:05,510 --> 00:51:03,520
glass still the two pieces at the

1381
00:51:07,670 --> 00:51:05,520
extreme give you an extremely sharp

1382
00:51:10,069 --> 00:51:07,680
image and this is basically the idea

1383
00:51:12,470 --> 00:51:10,079
behind an interferometer right so like

1384
00:51:15,109 --> 00:51:12,480
with arrays like when you have a array

1385
00:51:16,790 --> 00:51:15,119
of telescopes you have larger angular

1386
00:51:19,270 --> 00:51:16,800
resolution but you don't have the light

1387
00:51:21,510 --> 00:51:19,280
gathering power as if it was one big

1388
00:51:23,589 --> 00:51:21,520
mirror correct correct and eventually if

1389
00:51:25,430 --> 00:51:23,599
you have an array so good and you start

1390
00:51:27,349 --> 00:51:25,440
feeling and feeling a feeling you get

1391
00:51:29,270 --> 00:51:27,359
the telescope which exactly

1392
00:51:32,390 --> 00:51:29,280
but when you start taking away at some

1393
00:51:34,549 --> 00:51:32,400
point you have an interferometer right

1394
00:51:35,910 --> 00:51:34,559
okay so michael i i wonder you know i

1395
00:51:37,190 --> 00:51:35,920
want to give you a chance i stole one of

1396
00:51:39,750 --> 00:51:37,200
your questions did you happen to have

1397
00:51:42,150 --> 00:51:39,760
any others that you'd like to ask

1398
00:51:44,710 --> 00:51:42,160
um i was just kind of also curious about

1399
00:51:46,950 --> 00:51:44,720
the trapezium is that like buried within

1400
00:51:49,190 --> 00:51:46,960
the nebula just kind of outside of it

1401
00:51:51,670 --> 00:51:49,200
where where exactly is its placement

1402
00:51:53,990 --> 00:51:51,680
within that nebula so

1403
00:51:55,430 --> 00:51:54,000
people have done a pretty good job

1404
00:51:57,349 --> 00:51:55,440
of of

1405
00:51:59,109 --> 00:51:57,359
getting sort of like a 3d picture of the

1406
00:52:00,150 --> 00:51:59,119
nebula okay

1407
00:52:04,309 --> 00:52:00,160
and so

1408
00:52:05,510 --> 00:52:04,319
if if this is my eye here

1409
00:52:08,309 --> 00:52:05,520
and

1410
00:52:09,430 --> 00:52:08,319
it's clear that there's a lot of stuff

1411
00:52:11,270 --> 00:52:09,440
behind

1412
00:52:12,790 --> 00:52:11,280
okay and then the nebula is sort of in

1413
00:52:13,990 --> 00:52:12,800
front

1414
00:52:16,630 --> 00:52:14,000
towards us

1415
00:52:18,230 --> 00:52:16,640
and people actually in terms of like the

1416
00:52:20,710 --> 00:52:18,240
star that's that's heating up that

1417
00:52:23,190 --> 00:52:20,720
nebula the most theta 1 c ori

1418
00:52:26,069 --> 00:52:23,200
that you can actually estimate

1419
00:52:28,309 --> 00:52:26,079
how far it is from the molecular gas

1420
00:52:30,150 --> 00:52:28,319
from the background stuff

1421
00:52:31,589 --> 00:52:30,160
in terms of how bright the stuff is that

1422
00:52:33,829 --> 00:52:31,599
it's ionizing

1423
00:52:35,829 --> 00:52:33,839
and so i think it's about three tenths

1424
00:52:37,750 --> 00:52:35,839
of a parsec or about what that's one

1425
00:52:40,390 --> 00:52:37,760
white yeah i i remember point one but

1426
00:52:44,470 --> 00:52:40,400
it's more or less the same yeah is it

1427
00:52:46,950 --> 00:52:45,349
but

1428
00:52:48,950 --> 00:52:46,960
it's something like that right so it's

1429
00:52:50,870 --> 00:52:48,960
it's just a in terms of the size of the

1430
00:52:53,030 --> 00:52:50,880
cluster which is a parsec or more from

1431
00:52:54,230 --> 00:52:53,040
the central thing it's just a fraction

1432
00:52:55,109 --> 00:52:54,240
of that

1433
00:52:56,870 --> 00:52:55,119
uh

1434
00:52:58,790 --> 00:52:56,880
in front of this stuff and there's a

1435
00:52:59,430 --> 00:52:58,800
bunch of the cluster that must be behind

1436
00:53:01,670 --> 00:52:59,440
it

1437
00:53:02,710 --> 00:53:01,680
that's only visible in the infrared so

1438
00:53:04,630 --> 00:53:02,720
it's kind of if you could kind of

1439
00:53:06,069 --> 00:53:04,640
picture that like a cluster is maybe i

1440
00:53:08,150 --> 00:53:06,079
don't know two-thirds

1441
00:53:10,790 --> 00:53:08,160
evaporate the gas is coming two-thirds

1442
00:53:12,950 --> 00:53:10,800
revealed by this evaporation of the gas

1443
00:53:14,790 --> 00:53:12,960
which is coming out towards us and maybe

1444
00:53:16,870 --> 00:53:14,800
another third or something right and the

1445
00:53:19,910 --> 00:53:16,880
wall is being pushed more and more with

1446
00:53:21,990 --> 00:53:19,920
time so yeah so basically it's kind of

1447
00:53:23,349 --> 00:53:22,000
eating up all the gas in the area that's

1448
00:53:25,670 --> 00:53:23,359
formed in

1449
00:53:28,150 --> 00:53:25,680
right all the photons all the heat

1450
00:53:29,990 --> 00:53:28,160
coming from the star kind of evaporates

1451
00:53:32,230 --> 00:53:30,000
and has this stuff coming out and it

1452
00:53:34,549 --> 00:53:32,240
makes a big hole in the big bubble and

1453
00:53:36,790 --> 00:53:34,559
we see this wind coming toward us if you

1454
00:53:39,829 --> 00:53:36,800
take the right spectra you see that the

1455
00:53:42,230 --> 00:53:39,839
lines of the gas are blue shifted which

1456
00:53:43,670 --> 00:53:42,240
means coming toward us it's a

1457
00:53:46,710 --> 00:53:43,680
fascinating

1458
00:53:52,390 --> 00:53:48,309
so basically it's kind of revealing

1459
00:53:53,190 --> 00:53:52,400
itself to us we call it a champagne flow

1460
00:53:55,030 --> 00:53:53,200
so

1461
00:53:56,710 --> 00:53:55,040
we wait another half million years we'll

1462
00:53:59,430 --> 00:53:56,720
see the whole thing

1463
00:54:01,510 --> 00:53:59,440
i can't wait little space bubbly

1464
00:54:03,510 --> 00:54:01,520
yeah half a million years i'll be there

1465
00:54:05,750 --> 00:54:03,520
okay so any anything else you haven't

1466
00:54:07,190 --> 00:54:05,760
you have any other questions michael uh

1467
00:54:09,109 --> 00:54:07,200
no get to

1468
00:54:11,910 --> 00:54:09,119
to if you got any other questions out

1469
00:54:14,150 --> 00:54:11,920
there okay well it happens to be where

1470
00:54:16,150 --> 00:54:14,160
we're about we're right out about the

1471
00:54:18,150 --> 00:54:16,160
end of our of our time limit here but uh

1472
00:54:21,270 --> 00:54:18,160
massimo are we gonna we're gonna do this

1473
00:54:22,630 --> 00:54:21,280
again tomorrow as you as you wish i mean

1474
00:54:25,829 --> 00:54:22,640
yes i wish

1475
00:54:30,230 --> 00:54:27,750
yeah so massimo will grab a couple more

1476
00:54:32,069 --> 00:54:30,240
people who was uh attending the workshop

1477
00:54:34,710 --> 00:54:32,079
this week and we will do this again

1478
00:54:37,109 --> 00:54:34,720
tomorrow at the same time uh so i hope

1479
00:54:39,670 --> 00:54:37,119
that you will bring your orion questions

1480
00:54:42,390 --> 00:54:39,680
also tomorrow i'm going to bring a

1481
00:54:44,549 --> 00:54:42,400
visualization that frank summers did uh

1482
00:54:47,589 --> 00:54:44,559
uh of the orion nebula to sort of show

1483
00:54:50,710 --> 00:54:47,599
people uh this sort of scientific

1484
00:54:53,430 --> 00:54:50,720
rendering that he did uh of that

1485
00:54:54,950 --> 00:54:53,440
and we will uh we will also have uh

1486
00:54:57,109 --> 00:54:54,960
other people that we can ask questions

1487
00:54:59,670 --> 00:54:57,119
to so i want to thank you lee for for

1488
00:55:01,270 --> 00:54:59,680
joining us for taking time out of uh the

1489
00:55:02,790 --> 00:55:01,280
workshop to just sort of give us a

1490
00:55:04,069 --> 00:55:02,800
little insight into what you guys are

1491
00:55:06,710 --> 00:55:04,079
doing out there

1492
00:55:09,349 --> 00:55:06,720
and massimo this was fun

1493
00:55:11,910 --> 00:55:09,359
thank you my pleasure all right thank

1494
00:55:13,829 --> 00:55:11,920
you to our guest yes

1495
00:55:15,589 --> 00:55:13,839
thank you very much very much

1496
00:55:18,470 --> 00:55:15,599
michael thank you for for joining it was

1497
00:55:20,549 --> 00:55:18,480
a lot of fun having you here and uh we

1498
00:55:22,069 --> 00:55:20,559
will hopefully you're more than welcome

1499
00:55:23,750 --> 00:55:22,079
to come back tomorrow if you'd like to

1500
00:55:27,349 --> 00:55:23,760
hey wait a minute what

1501
00:55:29,109 --> 00:55:27,359
i forgot ian does he was he i just got

1502
00:55:31,349 --> 00:55:29,119
he might be here tomorrow he got hung up

1503
00:55:33,589 --> 00:55:31,359
on a conference call so he might be back

1504
00:55:36,230 --> 00:55:33,599
tomorrow okay good okay good because i

1505
00:55:38,470 --> 00:55:36,240
was like oh my gosh i got i i got so i

1506
00:55:39,990 --> 00:55:38,480
got you covered don't worry i gave mike

1507
00:55:40,790 --> 00:55:40,000
the invite i know you didn't give it to

1508
00:55:42,309 --> 00:55:40,800
him

1509
00:55:44,069 --> 00:55:42,319
yeah

1510
00:55:45,510 --> 00:55:44,079
well you have us you have his email

1511
00:55:47,750 --> 00:55:45,520
address so we're talking about dr you

1512
00:55:49,349 --> 00:55:47,760
know neil he's the uh uh he's from

1513
00:55:51,430 --> 00:55:49,359
discovery news he was going to join us a

1514
00:55:52,549 --> 00:55:51,440
little bit here too but uh i guess he

1515
00:55:54,069 --> 00:55:52,559
couldn't make it because of a conference

1516
00:55:56,870 --> 00:55:54,079
call so hopefully he'll make it next or

1517
00:55:59,829 --> 00:55:58,150
event

1518
00:56:01,430 --> 00:55:59,839
you'll get an invite to the one i'm

1519
00:56:02,710 --> 00:56:01,440
about to create for tomorrow i didn't

1520
00:56:04,789 --> 00:56:02,720
want to spam everybody with all these

1521
00:56:06,390 --> 00:56:04,799
events so i only created one so i'm

1522
00:56:07,750 --> 00:56:06,400
going to create that one next and then

1523
00:56:09,910 --> 00:56:07,760
you'll get an invite i'll be the same

1524
00:56:11,990 --> 00:56:09,920
time we'll talk to two new people about

1525
00:56:14,150 --> 00:56:12,000
the orion nebula plus we'll have a few

1526
00:56:17,390 --> 00:56:14,160
more graphics that we didn't have today

1527
00:56:19,270 --> 00:56:17,400
um i want to thank scott scott lewis for

1528
00:56:21,430 --> 00:56:19,280
knowthecosmos.com thank you very much

1529
00:56:23,270 --> 00:56:21,440
for support you were great with your

1530
00:56:25,190 --> 00:56:23,280
rockstar with getting solarium up there

1531
00:56:27,270 --> 00:56:25,200
thanks for doing that absolutely

1532
00:56:29,109 --> 00:56:27,280
and again michael we look forward to

1533
00:56:31,510 --> 00:56:29,119
seeing you on the virtual star party as

1534
00:56:33,190 --> 00:56:31,520
well as more of your images that wasn't

1535
00:56:35,510 --> 00:56:33,200
that was a stunning orion image it

1536
00:56:36,789 --> 00:56:35,520
really was outstanding work oh wait a

1537
00:56:37,750 --> 00:56:36,799
minute before we go we have a couple

1538
00:56:40,710 --> 00:56:37,760
minutes

1539
00:56:41,750 --> 00:56:40,720
can you give advice to anybody out there

1540
00:56:46,069 --> 00:56:41,760
watching

1541
00:56:48,309 --> 00:56:46,079
who is thinking about maybe um

1542
00:56:49,510 --> 00:56:48,319
getting into astrophotography okay

1543
00:56:51,910 --> 00:56:49,520
they're a beginner they don't know what

1544
00:56:54,069 --> 00:56:51,920
to do they don't know what advice would

1545
00:56:55,829 --> 00:56:54,079
you give somebody who's just about to

1546
00:56:58,230 --> 00:56:55,839
start out let's say they have a

1547
00:57:00,309 --> 00:56:58,240
telescope they've learned the night sky

1548
00:57:02,309 --> 00:57:00,319
they've looked at a few things but now

1549
00:57:04,150 --> 00:57:02,319
they want to take pictures what advice

1550
00:57:07,430 --> 00:57:04,160
would you give them

1551
00:57:10,390 --> 00:57:07,440
a dslr camera will be your best bet and

1552
00:57:13,510 --> 00:57:10,400
um you can get some relatively cheap on

1553
00:57:15,349 --> 00:57:13,520
ebay or amazon um

1554
00:57:17,589 --> 00:57:15,359
adapters so they can hook up to your

1555
00:57:20,069 --> 00:57:17,599
camera or to your telescope and

1556
00:57:22,230 --> 00:57:20,079
basically just practice see what works

1557
00:57:23,829 --> 00:57:22,240
well on what you're trying to image

1558
00:57:26,549 --> 00:57:23,839
well now wait a minute i can't just use

1559
00:57:29,829 --> 00:57:26,559
the dobsonian on this camera oh no no

1560
00:57:31,829 --> 00:57:29,839
well a reflector telescope is what i use

1561
00:57:34,630 --> 00:57:31,839
but i throw it on a well i don't throw

1562
00:57:37,030 --> 00:57:34,640
it i gently place it on a equatorial

1563
00:57:40,950 --> 00:57:39,430
okay but yes so you almost always are

1564
00:57:42,710 --> 00:57:40,960
going to need some way to attract the

1565
00:57:44,390 --> 00:57:42,720
sky because as we all know the earth is

1566
00:57:46,950 --> 00:57:44,400
turning and so you've got to compensate

1567
00:57:49,589 --> 00:57:46,960
for that motion and motor drives

1568
00:57:50,390 --> 00:57:49,599
are definitely needed yes so

1569
00:57:51,990 --> 00:57:50,400
uh

1570
00:57:53,829 --> 00:57:52,000
it is

1571
00:57:56,069 --> 00:57:53,839
generally a pretty difficult thing to do

1572
00:57:57,829 --> 00:57:56,079
and i would highly recommend that you

1573
00:57:59,670 --> 00:57:57,839
get really familiar with your telescope

1574
00:58:02,390 --> 00:57:59,680
before you start it you will almost

1575
00:58:05,430 --> 00:58:02,400
definitely need a stable and sturdy

1576
00:58:06,950 --> 00:58:05,440
mount uh one that is not gonna as you

1577
00:58:08,390 --> 00:58:06,960
walk by it on the ground isn't gonna

1578
00:58:11,190 --> 00:58:08,400
shake so you're looking at something

1579
00:58:12,230 --> 00:58:11,200
pretty beefy uh but most of the off the

1580
00:58:14,150 --> 00:58:12,240
shelf

1581
00:58:15,750 --> 00:58:14,160
what are called go-to telescopes where

1582
00:58:18,549 --> 00:58:15,760
you just kind of type in i want to see

1583
00:58:20,390 --> 00:58:18,559
the orion nebula and it goes

1584
00:58:22,309 --> 00:58:20,400
and it shows you the orion nebula those

1585
00:58:24,309 --> 00:58:22,319
scopes tend to be pretty good for

1586
00:58:27,670 --> 00:58:24,319
hanging a uh

1587
00:58:29,510 --> 00:58:27,680
for hanging a an slr slr off the back of

1588
00:58:32,430 --> 00:58:29,520
is this your scope here yeah that's the

1589
00:58:35,430 --> 00:58:32,440
telescope i use that's an omni

1590
00:58:37,670 --> 00:58:35,440
xlt-150 it's basically a six-inch mirror

1591
00:58:40,470 --> 00:58:37,680
and it's got the equatorial mount with

1592
00:58:42,789 --> 00:58:40,480
aftermarket motor drives on it

1593
00:58:44,710 --> 00:58:42,799
and that's what i hooked my camera up to

1594
00:58:47,349 --> 00:58:44,720
all right so that's nice that's really

1595
00:58:48,829 --> 00:58:47,359
nice good okay so and what what would

1596
00:58:52,950 --> 00:58:48,839
something like that cost

1597
00:58:55,349 --> 00:58:52,960
um somewhere in the range of like 450 to

1598
00:58:57,750 --> 00:58:55,359
500 plus another 100 for the motor

1599
00:58:59,430 --> 00:58:57,760
drives i'm sorry but i got to tell you

1600
00:59:01,430 --> 00:58:59,440
that blows me away because back in the

1601
00:59:06,470 --> 00:59:01,440
day when i was when we're back when i

1602
00:59:07,829 --> 00:59:06,480
used to use hyper uh 2415 film and um

1603
00:59:09,829 --> 00:59:07,839
it was

1604
00:59:12,470 --> 00:59:09,839
the kind of telescope you needed to that

1605
00:59:14,630 --> 00:59:12,480
was at least five grand nowadays were

1606
00:59:16,630 --> 00:59:14,640
you using silver oxide for your film too

1607
00:59:19,510 --> 00:59:16,640
tony yeah well

1608
00:59:21,750 --> 00:59:19,520
glass plates yeah okay i gave the idea

1609
00:59:24,309 --> 00:59:21,760
to edwin hubble

1610
00:59:26,710 --> 00:59:24,319
how old i am

1611
00:59:28,470 --> 00:59:26,720
all right guys well uh that really is

1612
00:59:30,549 --> 00:59:28,480
all of our time i want to thank you guys

1613
00:59:31,910 --> 00:59:30,559
all for watching uh this has been a lot

1614
00:59:33,910 --> 00:59:31,920
of fun we're going to try and do more of

1615
00:59:35,510 --> 00:59:33,920
these throughout the year as the space

1616
00:59:37,109 --> 00:59:35,520
telescope science institute holds more

1617
00:59:39,190 --> 00:59:37,119
of these hangouts i'm going to actually

1618
00:59:40,630 --> 00:59:39,200
try to stream some of the talks in the

1619
00:59:42,549 --> 00:59:40,640
future too but that's that's an

1620
00:59:44,309 --> 00:59:42,559
experiment we do these things here at

1621
00:59:46,870 --> 00:59:44,319
the institute all year long and i want

1622
00:59:48,390 --> 00:59:46,880
to try and bring them out to you in some

1623
00:59:50,710 --> 00:59:48,400
way or another and here we've got all

1624
00:59:53,030 --> 00:59:50,720
the experts on the orion nebula under

1625
00:59:55,109 --> 00:59:53,040
one roof and so we may as well start

1626
00:59:56,870 --> 00:59:55,119
asking them questions

1627
00:59:59,270 --> 00:59:56,880
i hope you guys

1628
01:00:01,750 --> 00:59:59,280
tune in tomorrow i'm looking forward to

1629
01:00:04,470 --> 01:00:01,760
uh doing this again uh also later in the

1630
01:00:05,910 --> 01:00:04,480
week scott and i are doing a hangout

1631
01:00:07,109 --> 01:00:05,920
i think you're going to this one aren't

1632
01:00:08,470 --> 01:00:07,119
you the commentary

1633
01:00:09,990 --> 01:00:08,480
yeah yeah yeah

1634
01:00:11,910 --> 01:00:10,000
i'm sorry i know you can't go to there

1635
01:00:15,670 --> 01:00:11,920
no you can you can volunteer me to do

1636
01:00:20,710 --> 01:00:17,990
on thursday the hubble space telescope

1637
01:00:23,030 --> 01:00:20,720
is going to be releasing its latest

1638
01:00:24,470 --> 01:00:23,040
images of comet ison they were uh

1639
01:00:26,710 --> 01:00:24,480
they're processing that data now and

1640
01:00:28,710 --> 01:00:26,720
they're anticipating it'll be ready

1641
01:00:32,390 --> 01:00:28,720
on thursday and we'll talk about the

1642
01:00:33,990 --> 01:00:32,400
latest uh news from for comet ison they

1643
01:00:35,990 --> 01:00:34,000
actually did the observations on october

1644
01:00:37,589 --> 01:00:36,000
8th and they've been spending all this

1645
01:00:40,549 --> 01:00:37,599
time doing the processing we will

1646
01:00:42,309 --> 01:00:40,559
announce it um on thursday so we'll see

1647
01:00:43,750 --> 01:00:42,319
you then the event for that is already

1648
01:00:45,270 --> 01:00:43,760
out there so hopefully you'll you'll

1649
01:00:46,789 --> 01:00:45,280
click and say you're going

1650
01:00:49,349 --> 01:00:46,799
i'll put that into the event page that

1651
01:00:51,829 --> 01:00:49,359
we're in now so link to that to the next

1652
01:00:54,470 --> 01:00:51,839
event and the commenting event all the

1653
01:00:56,150 --> 01:00:54,480
full scale images that we showed today i

1654
01:00:58,309 --> 01:00:56,160
put that into the google plus event too

1655
01:00:59,910 --> 01:00:58,319
so if you're watching this on youtube go

1656
01:01:01,430 --> 01:00:59,920
look for the hubble space telescope on

1657
01:01:02,870 --> 01:01:01,440
google plus and you'll see our event

1658
01:01:04,710 --> 01:01:02,880
with all the photos that are put in

1659
01:01:07,670 --> 01:01:04,720
there and high quality

1660
01:01:08,789 --> 01:01:07,680
so for mike and paul's uh photos that we

1661
01:01:11,190 --> 01:01:08,799
put out there you'll be able to take a

1662
01:01:12,710 --> 01:01:11,200
look at those in their full glory

1663
01:01:14,069 --> 01:01:12,720
all right awesome thanks for your

1664
01:01:16,470 --> 01:01:14,079
rockstar we're getting that done i can't

1665
01:01:18,390 --> 01:01:16,480
do i am such a crappy multitasker i

1666
01:01:20,150 --> 01:01:18,400
can't i'm actually an octopus so i have

1667
01:01:22,390 --> 01:01:20,160
six other hands

1668
01:01:24,309 --> 01:01:22,400
yeah well i'm glad you were doing it so

1669
01:01:25,910 --> 01:01:24,319
all right hobble huggers i could have

1670
01:01:27,829 --> 01:01:25,920
used the hubble hangout earlier today

1671
01:01:30,870 --> 01:01:27,839
turns out um

1672
01:01:31,750 --> 01:01:30,880
thank you all for watching and as always